阅读理解题型分类指导.doc

阅读理解题型分类指导
阅读理解的题型
一、细节理解题 二．主旨大意题 三．句意理解题 四．综合推理判断题 五．观点态度题 六．词义猜测题
七．人物评价题型 八．辨别正误题 九．内容排序题型
细节理解题
细节理解题出现在各种文体中。就记叙文而言，大多数针对某个情节。而在议论文和说明文中，往往通过事例、数字等细节来说明主题或支持作者观点。主要考查学生 对阅读材料中的 某一特定细节或文章的主要事实的理解能力,问题主要包括询问人(who)、物(what)、时间(when)、地点(where)、原因(cause)、结果(effect)、文中的数据(data)等。新闻、说明文、广告信息等常常考具体细节。常见题型 （.三正一误或三误一正）
1．简单反馈：
在保持与原文大体一致的情况下，进行微小的不易被察觉的增加或改变，如对原句进行解释，或改变句子结构。一旦粗心就会造成错选。
2． 多项反馈：
选项多个都涉及文章细节，细节之间又相互交织在一起，不耐心、不细心的同学就会一下“看晕”，失去耐心和信心，胡乱选一个完事。
解题指导
1．依据题干和选项提示，找到文中相对应的信息。
2．把握文章主题，弄清主题与细节，细节与细节间的关系。
3．由易到难逐项排除。
考题演练1.
Many American presidents in the 19th century were born in poor families. They spent their childrenhood in little wooden rooms. They got little education. Washington and Lincoln, for example, never went to school and they taught themselves. Lincoln once did jobs of a worker, shop-keeper and post officer in his early years.
A large number of U.S presidents had experiences in the army. The two best known were Ulysses Grant and Dwight D. Eisenhower. Grant was a general in the American Civil War and Eisenhower was a hero in the second World War. It happened that they graduated from the same school──West Point Military Academy.
Q: President Eisenhower became well- known .
A. while studying in West Point Military Academy
B.  during the American Civil War
C. after he was elected President of the U.S. D. during World War II.
考题演练2
Paani Laupepa , a Tuvaluan government official ,reported to the Earth Policy Institute that the nation suffered an unusaually high number of fierce storms in the past ten years .Many scientists connect higher surface water temperatures resulting from global warming to greater and more damaging storms.
55. According to scientists, the DIRECT cause of more and fiercer storms is .
A．greenhouse gas emissions in industrialized nations
B．higher surface water temperatures of the sea
C．continuous global warming D．rising sea levels
主旨大意题
这类试题要求对文章的整体或局部（如段落）进行分析、概括，归纳相关部分的中心大意(Main idea)，选择标题（title），判断作者的写作目的（purpose）等，旨在考查考生加工与浓缩信息的能力。这一项考查的是文章的灵魂与中心。记叙文、议论文常考文章的主旨大意。一般主旨大意常出现在文章的开头，有时也出现在结尾。当然更重要的是从全文去把握。
常见问题形式有：
(1)The subject/topic of the article is ……
(2)Which of the following best expresses / summarize the main idea of the passage?
(3)What does the passage/author mainly discuss?
(4)What’s the main point/main idea/central thought of the passage?
(5)Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
考题演练1.
Joshua Bingham studied 4 years at the University of Paris and decided to leave his graduation. He transferred to the University of Berlin and graduated with honors. Harvard Law School and, later, Boston College provided him with an excellent legal background. He is presently a corporation lawyer in Miami, Florida.
Q: What is the main idea of the passage?　
A. How Joshua Bingham became a lawyer. B. Bingham is a diligent student.　
C. Joshua Bingham received an excellent education.
D. A good lawyer needs good education.
考题演练2.
Kleptomania is an illness of the mind that gives a person the desire to steal. Such a person is not really a thief. They are sick and cannot help themselves. All small children act naturally and as they grow up they normally learn to control their actions. People with kleptomania for certain medical reasons have failed to develop control over their desire to take things that do not belong to them. With medical help they may become normal citizens again. They things that a kleptomaniac steals are seldom of great value. They often give away what they have stolen or collect objects without using them.
Q:What is the topic of the text?
A. Young Thieves. B. An Unusual Illness.
C. Reasons for Stealing D. A Normal Child’s Actions.
考题演练3.
Boston---- Thieves dressed as police entered a museum early Sunday and stole 11 paintings, including major works by Rembrandt, Dagas, Manet and Vermerr, FBI (美国联邦调查局) and the museum officials said.
The first judgment placed value of at least $100 million on the works stolen from the Isabella Gardener Museum, said Boston police spokes-man Jim Tordan
……William Bobinson, of Hardvard Univercity’s Foggel Museum, called the objects stolen “major works.”
Q: What is the best headline for this newspaper article ?
A. A Theft Took Place in Boston B. Artworks stolen by Thieves
C. Major Works D. Investigation into the theft
考题演练4.
You dream each night, even though you may not remember your dreams. While you dream your eyes move and your heart beats faster. Even your brain-wave pattern changes. Some scientists think that dreaming is important for the sake of health.
They claim that without dream, people would go crazy.
Q: What does the passage mainly tells?
A. How people stay healthy B.How sleep is necessary
C. Why dreams are important D. When people remember their dreams
推理判断题
这类题型要求考生在理解原文直接陈述观点的基础上领悟作者的言外之意，进行符合逻辑的推理，得出符合作者意愿的结论。即要求考生根据文章提供的线索和事实进行逻辑推理，推测作者未提到过的事实或某事发生的可能性，将间接论据连贯起来，得出一个合理（指准确地从原文中推理，而不是读者主观认为的合理）的结论。
常见问题形式有
(1)It can be inferred/concluded from the passage that …
(2)The passage suggests/implies that …
(3)The author may probably agree with/support …
(4)By the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author means …
(5)The author seems to be in favor of/be against …
规律方法
推断就是从已知的事件中推测未知事件（指文章或作者没有直接说明但暗示出来或根据作者提供的信息可能引出的必然结论），所以这类题目找不到直接答案，只可以找出供推论的依据。
小技巧：不选择照抄原文的选项，要选择要有同义词解释的选项。
1)不选事实细节选项
2)不选非事实选项
3)选概括性/哲理性的选项
考题演练1.
When the young waitress near my house started saying hello to me every day, I was very happy. She was at least fifteen years younger than I. One day she signed me to come near. When I walked over, she asked,“Are you single?"
“Why, yes." I answered, smiling at her happily.
“So is my mother." she said, “Would you like to meet her?"
1. The writer talked about the waitress' age because he thought___________.
A. she was young B. it a pleasure to make friends with her
C. she was beautiful D. it strange for her to fall in love with him
2. The waitress said hello to the writer every day because___________.
A. she lived near his house B. he often went to visit her mother
C. she wanted to be friendly with him D. she loved him very much
考题演练2
We walked in so quietly that the nurse at the desk didn't even lift her eyes from the book. Mum pointed at a big chair by the door and I knew she wanted me to sit down. While I watched mouth open in surprise, Mum took off her hat and coat and gave them to me to hold. She walked quietly to the small room by the lift and took out a wet mop. She pushed the mop past the desk and as the nurse looked up, Mum nodded and said, "Very dirty floors." "Yes, I'm glad they've finally decided to clean them," the nurse answered. She looked at Mum strangely and said, "But aren't you working late?" Mum just pushed harder, each swipe(拖一下)of the mop taking her farther and farther down the hall. I watched until she was out of sight and the nurse had turned back to writing in the big book. After a long time Mum came back. Her eyes were shining. She quickly put the mop back and took my hand. As we turned to go out of the door, Mum bowed politely to the nurse and said, "Thank you." Outside, Mum told me, "Dagmar is fine. No fever." "You saw her, Mum?" "Of course. I told her about the hospital rules, and she will not expect us until tomorrow. Dad will stop worrying as well. It's a fine hospital. But such floors! A mop is no good. You need a brush."
1. When she took a mop from the small room what Mum really wanted to do was ______.
A. to clean the floor B. to please the nurse C. to see a patient　 D. to surprise the story-teller
2. After reading the story what can we infer about the hospital?
A. It is a children's hospital. B. It has strict rules about visiting hours.
C. The conditions there aren't very good. D. The nurses and doctors there don't work hard.
3. Which of the following words best describes Mum?
A. strange　　　　　 B. warm-hearted C. clever　　　　　　 D. hard-working
观点态度题
既考查学生对字面意思的理解，也考查学生对作者写作目的、态度、观点等的理解。
考题主要形式:
(1)The writer’s purpose in writing this story is …
(2)The text discusses men and women 50,000 years from now in order to show that …
规律方法：
正确理解作者的写作意图，所持的观点及阐述文章主题时语气或他对所论述的对象的态度。---假如你是作者，你为什么要写本文？
小技巧：辨认三种作者使用的表达情感、态度及观点的词汇，以及承接上下文的连接词。
表示贬义：disgust, critical, negative, tolerant, disappointment.
表示褒义: positive, wonder, support, useful, interesting, enthusiasm, admiring…
表示中立: indifferent, impassive, uninterested, neutral, humor
考题演练1
One of the most authoritative voices speaking to us today is, of course, the voice of the advertisers. It shouts at us from the television screen and the radio loudspeakers; waves to us from every page of the newspaper; signals to us from the roadside bill-boards all day and flashes to us in colored lights all night.
Q.The author appears ____ modern advertising.
A.to like B. to be indifferent to C.to dislike D. to know how to deal with
考题演练2
On the first day of my visit, we went out with one of my father's friends for lunch at an outdoor café. We walked along that afternoon, did some shopping, ate at the street table, and lauded over my son's funny facial expressions. Gone was my father's critical(挑剔的) air and strict rules. Who was this person I knew as my father, who seemed so friendly and interesting to be around? What had held him back before?   
58. What does the author think of her father after her visit to Tucson?
    A. More critical.  B. More talkative. C. Gentle and friendly. D. Strict and hard-working.
考题演练3：
    The number of married women who want to continue working increases rapidly because they enjoy their jobs. However, if they want to have children, they immediately have serious problems. Though most companies allow women to leave their jobs for a short time to have a baby, they expect women with babies to give up their jobs. In short, if they want to bring up children properly, both parents have to work, but it is hard for mothers to work. Indeed, women who want to continue working have to choose between having children or keeping their jobs.
In a word, Asian governments must take steps to improve the present situation as soon as possible. 75. The writer seems to believe that Asian governments should              .
    A. let women stay at home and have a baby B. allow one of the parents to go out to work
C. care for the growing needs of women for jobs
D. punish the companies that permit women to leave
猜测词义题
单词的猜测能力是阅读理解能力的主要组成部分，历年高考都把这一项作为考生应该掌握的一项阅读技能列入试题，考查对文中关键词语（实词、短语、指代关系等）的理解。而且，所考查的词或短语的意义往往不停留在字面上，要根据语境来判断。
常见问题形式有
(1)The word “…” in Line … means/can be best replaced by …
(2)As used in the passage, the phrase “…” suggests…
(3)From the passage, we can infer that the word/phrase “…” is/refers to …
(4)The word “…” is closest in meaning to …
规律方法
在通读过程碰到生词时不要着急，耐心地读下去，文章会帮助你猜出生词词义。此外，我们也可以通过构词法知识分析生词词义，或通过上下文猜测，尤其是本句话以及前后两句话，给生词假设意思，看是否读的通。还可以联想，即回想已知词汇中是否存在拼写方法与该生词类似的词。
解题技巧：利用构词法; 充分使用上下文线索
1. 同义词、近义词 作者可能会用一个近义词或者同义词去解释另一
个更难的词，以便使他的文字意思更清楚，近义词往往出现在同一句或者同一段落中。
2. 反义词 这些词帮助我们识别反义词： unlike, but,however, while, instead, rather than,on the other hand...
3. 定义、解释或举例
通过定义,定语从句/同位语/词或词组(is, was, mean, that is, that’s to say, or, namely, in other words, to put it another way; i.e., such as, like, especially, for instance, for example… )来确定词义
4. 因果关系 充分利用这些连词： because, as，since，for，so，thus，as a result，therefore，so… that...
5. 标点符号 冒号；破折号；括号
6. 经验和常识
实战演练
1. With their shining brown eyes, wagging tails, and unconditional love, dogs can provide the nonjudgmental listeners needed for a beginning reader to gain confidence.
2. At the beginning they did not have enough capital to start a business, nor were they able to borrow the amount of money they needed from the bank.
3. Doctors believe that smoking is detrimental to people's health. They also regard drinking as harmful.
4. He had been getting better but during the night his condition deteriorated.
5. Rather than liking the movie, as I expected them to, all my friends abhorred it.
6. It will be very hard but also very brittle, that is, it will break easily.
7. --- since you are my superior（上级）, it would be presumptuous of me to tell you what to do .
A．full of respect B．too confident and rude
C．lacking in experience D．too shy and quiet
8. In spite of the fact the fishermen were wearing sou’westers, the storm was so heavy that they were wet through.

考题演练1：
If you are a recent social graduate who has had to listen about unemployment from your computer major classmates, you may have had the last laugh. There are many advantages for the social science major because this high-tech “Information Age” demands people who are flexible and who have good communication skills.

Q: By saying that “You may have had the last laugh,” the author means that you may have
A. shared the jokes with computer majors B. earned as much as computer majors
C. found jobs more easily than computer majors. D. stopped joking about computer majors
考题演练2：
Gossip is a way for people to let you know the limits of social behavior. “If you move into a community and your neighbor tells you how the former homeowner never dealt with his rubbish properly , his gossip is letting you in on something,”says Dr. Ralph Rosnow of Temple University.
Q: What does the underlined sentence mean?
A. allowing you to come in for something B. informing you something in a certain field
C. telling you to do cleaning first before moving in
D. warning you to pay attention to your behavior
考题演练3：
As the oceans are the source of life on earth, the estuaries are our planet's nurseries. An estuary is the body of water where a river meets the ocean. Salt water from the ocean and fresh water from the river mix together in an estuary. This mixing of fresh and salt water creates a unique environment filled with life of all kinds --- a zone between the land and the sea. Estuaries are the homes of thousands of animals and plants. Many cities and towns are built near estuaries, and a lot of fish is caught in estuaries.
Q: What does “unique” mean in the passage?
A. perfect B. strange C. clean D . special
考题演练4：
If these pieces of jade had feeling, they’d probably be sighing over the unusual cycle of life. After several hundred years of changing hands, including being shipped overseas, the art works have finally come home. For many of the pieces, their return is especially meaningful, since the Forbidden City was where they were originally housed. And this wo