独立主格.doc

独立主格结构编辑
独立主格结构（Absolute Phrase）由两部分组成，前一部分是名词或者代词，后一部分是非谓语动词(不定式、现在分词、过去分词)或形容词、副词、名词或介词短语。前后两部分具有逻辑主谓关系。独立主格结构在句中做状语，多用于书面语。 独立主格结构本身不是句子，在句子中作状语，表时间、原因、条件、伴随、目的等。
1详细概述
非谓语动词作状语，其逻辑主语须与主句主语保持一致。若不一致，非谓语动词形式须另带主语，从而构成复合结构的形式作状语。这种结构称为“独立结构”。其中，非谓语动词主动用现在分词，被动用过去分词。
2. 结构
形式为n/代词+分词 （-ing 、-ed - to do）形式; n. +不定式; n. +介词短语; n. +形容词; n. +副词;
名词/主格代词与现在分词之间是主动关系。
名词/主格代词与过去分词之间是被动关系。
名词/主格代词与不定式之间是主动关系，且强调的是一次具体性的动作。
They said good-bye to each other, one to go home, the other to go to the bookstore.
An air accident happened to the plane, nobody alive.(adj.)
He put on his sweater , wrong side out. (adv.)
The boy goes to the classroom, book in hand. (prep.ph)
Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children. (n.)
3.功能
独立主格结构主要用于描绘性文字中，其作用相当于一个状语从句，常用来表示时间、原因、条件、行为方式或伴随情况等。例如：
表示时间
Weather permitting (=If weather permits), they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
The meeting being over, all of us went home. 开完会后我们都回家了。
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea. 她干完了活，坐下来喝茶。
表示条件
The condition being favourable, he may succeed. 若条件有利，他或许能成功。
表示原因
There being no taxis, we had to walk. 没有出租车，我们只好步行。
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty. 夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得严严实实的。
In the middle of February,the weather being favorable for work,the workers began to repair and secure the dam of the river.二月中旬，天气有利于工作，工人们开始修缮河坝。
表示伴随情况
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all. 几乎所有的金属都是良导体，而银则是最好的导体。Almost all metals are good conductors, and silver is the best of all.)
*注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或原因时，相当于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示原因时还可放在句末；表伴随状况或补充说明时，相当于一个并列句，通常放于句末。
6注意事项编辑
1.独立主格转换成状语从句，当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：After class was over (=Class being over / Class over), the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生很快离开了课室。
2. 不能省略being (having been)的情形：在下列两种情况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不能省略。
(1) 独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：It being Sunday, we went to church. (2)在There being+名词的结构中。如：There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
3. 在“名词（或代词）+介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不用形容词性物主代词和冠词。如： Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.若with的复合结构。如：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in her hand.
4. 独立主格结构没有所有格形式The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，
我们开始开会。(比较动名词复合结构。)
_______________________ arriving made us very happy.
(1) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _______ translated into foreign languages.
(2) He wrote a lot of novels, many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
(3) He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _________ were translated into foreign languages.
(4) There I met several people, two of _________ being foreigners.（
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(2) There I met several people, two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. whom C. who D. that
(3) There I met several people, and two of _________ were foreigners.
A. which B. them C. whom D. that
(4)There _________ nothing more to do, Mr. Goodman left for home.
A. was B. being C. to be D. had being