语法复习：虚拟语气和倒装句综合.doc

语法复习：虚拟语气和倒装句
    知识总结与归纳：
    虚拟语气：是一种与事实（包括过去，现在或将来）完全相反的陈述，表示假设，愿望，怀疑，推测或后悔。虚拟语气主要用于条件从句，让步从句和名词性从句。
    虚拟语气句型中常见的动词形式：
    1. 动词过去式
    2. had done      
    3. would/could/should/might do
    4. would/could/should/might have done  
    5.  were
   （一）虚拟语气用在与过去事实相反的假设的条件句中：表示假设，后悔或推测。

    句型结构：If +主语+had been/done….，主语+should/could/might/would + have done….
    1. If the illness had been diagnosed a day earlier, it might have made all different.
    2. If she had told him about the danger, he would not have got hurt.
    3. If I had known more about giving first aid, I could have helped him.
   （二）虚拟语气用在与现在事实相反的假设的条件句中：
    句型结构：If +主语+were / 动词过去式，主语+should/could/might/would +do
    1. If I had HIV, I would know because I would feel sick.
    2. If I were you, I would give an AIDS patient a hug.
    3. 虚拟语气用在与将来的结果相反的假设的条件句中：
    句型结构：If +主语+were to do, 主语+should/could/might/would +do
    If +主语+should do
    If +主语+动词过去式
   （1）If we were to panic, we would not be able to help.
   （2）If the little girl should take piano lessons, she would have less free time.
   （3）If I were to live long enough to have a job, I would choose to be a doctor, helping these AIDS patients.
    注意：虚拟条件句的从句中如果有助动词were; had或should可以去掉if以后用倒装句语序。
    例句：
    ① Had I not helped him, he would have failed in business.
    ② Should I be free, I would come .
    ③ Were she my daughter, I could suggest a different plan .
    注意：有时候，主，从句所描述的时间范围不一致，则根据具体语境调整动词的形式。
    例句：
    ① If he had caught the train, he would be here by now.
    ② You would speak English well enough, if you had practiced every day.
   （四）虚拟语气在其他句型中的使用：
    1. 用在与without, but for, but, otherwise短语连用的句型中：
    例句：
    The ship would have sunk with all on board but for efforts of the captain.
    The rescue arrived in time, otherwise They would have been frozen to death.
    2. 用在It’s time 句型中：It’s time that 主语+动词过去式……
    It’s time that I went to school and picked up my daughter.
    3. 在句型…as if /though+主语+动词过去式/were/had done…… 
    例句：
    He looked at me as if I were mad .
    “I wish people would find out the facts,” she says, “ and not act as if I were a bad or dangerous person.”
    It looks as if it’s going to rain.
    4. 用在If only 句型中：表示：要是……该多好啊！
   （1）If only you hadn’t told Jackie what I said, everything would have been all right.
   （2）If only you would listen to reason.
    5. 与“命令，建议，要求, 有必要/重要”有关的名词性从句中的谓语动词结构：
   （1）主动结构：should do
   （2）被动结构：should be done；（should可以省略）
    ① I suggest that he should come another day.
    ② The suggestion that the students should learn something practical is worth considering.
    ③ I though it necessary that I should stay in the room till he came back.
   （五）情态动词（should / ought to; could; needn’t; would like to等）+have done：表示“本来应该/能够/没必要/很愿意”
    1. You could have told us earlier.
    2. I ought to have bought that dictionary last week.
    3. You ought not to have spent so much time in reading novels.
    4. We need not have been in a hurry to catch the train.
    倒装句：倒装句是英语中常见的语法现象，他的使用一是出于语法结构的需要，再就是为了强调句中的某一部分。
   （1）当否定副词never; hardly; seldom; nor; neither; little; few; not; not only 在句首，后面接助动词/be +主语……的倒装语序。
    Never have I realized that water is so precious.
    Seldom have we seen such big melons.
   （2）Only+介词短语/状语从句，后面接助动词/be +主语……的倒装语序。
    Only by changing the way we live can we save the earth.
   （3）Not until +时间状语（从句）后面接助动词/be +主语……的倒装语序。
    Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.
   （4）as / so / neither / nor 在句首表示另一个人或另一种情况也是如此。后面接助动词/be +主语……的倒装语序。
    Without international cooperation, developing countries cannot prosper, nor will sustainable development be possible.
    A better understanding of the environment is necessary, as is the willingness to act.
   （5）在以here; there; now; out; in; up; down; away 或表示地点的介词短语为句首后面接完全倒装结构（谓语+主语）
    Among the speakers was China’s then Premier Zhu Rongji, who stressed the need for equality and fairness in the world.
    On a hill in front of them stood a great castle.
   （6）倒装句在结果状语从句；让步状语从句；时间状语从句中的使用：
    ① so / such ….that….（如此……以致于……）将so / such….部分 置于句首：
    So loudly did he speak that people upstairs could hear him.
    ② 表示：“虽然……” ：名词 / 形容词，副词 / 动词+as +主语+谓语……  
    Cold as it was, we went out .
    Bravely as they fought, they had no chance of winning.
    Child as he is, he knew what was the right thing to do.
    ③ 表示：“一……就……”：No sooner had …done …than +陈述句（过去时）
    Hardly had…done…when+陈述句（过去时）
    Hardly had she entered the house when she heard the dog barking.
    No sooner had we started lunch than the door bell rang.
   【典型例题】
    1. You didn’t let me drive. If  we ____ in turn, you ____ so tired.
    A. drove; didn’t get                             B. drove; wouldn’t get
    C. were driving; wouldn’t get                    D. had driven; wouldn’t have got
    答案：D
    分析：本题考查虚拟条件句的运用。题干You didn’t let me drive.告诉我们后面的条件句是一个与过去事实相反的假设，有后悔，埋怨的意思。在这种条件句中主句用would have done， 从句用had done结构。                                                            
    2. ___ it rain tomorrow, we would have to put off the visit to the Yangpu Bridge.
    A. Were            B. Should                  C. Would             D. Will
    答案：B
    分析：本题考查虚拟条件句与倒装句的结合运用。句中时间状语tomorrow以及主句中的would表明该句是对明天天气情况的虚拟假设，表示将来的虚拟条件句的结构为If it should/ were to rain tomorrow。但是条件从句可以去掉连词if，从句用倒装句结构，即：Should it rain tomorrow.
    3. The captain kept calm in the terrible storm, otherwise the accident ____.
    A. couldn’t be prevented                       B. mustn’t have prevented
    C. wouldn’t have been prevented                D. shouldn’t prevent
    答案：C
    分析：本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句。根据句义：船长在暴风雨中非常镇静，不然的话一场事故早就不可避免了。前半句描述了事实，而后半句则与过去的事实相反，虽然这部分没有以条件从句的形式出现，但是其内容包含在由连词but; otherwise连接的陈述句中。      
    4. When the pencil is partly in a glass of water, it look as if it ____.
    A. breaks           B. has broken           C. were broken      D. had been broken
    答案：C
    分析：本题考查as if 后从句中的虚拟语气的运用。As if/though后面的从句根据句子的语境可以叙述为真实陈述，也可以是与现在或过去事实相反的虚拟陈述。本句描述的内容是与现在事实相反的虚拟陈述应当用一般过去时。                                      
    5. Why didn’t you tell me there was no meeting today ? I ___ all the way here through the heavy snow.
    A. needn’t have driven                        B. can’t have driven
    C. mustn’t have driven                        D. shouldn’t have driven
    答案：A
    分析：根据句意：你为什么不告诉我今天没有会？我本来没必要冒着大雪开车跑这么多路。 Needn’t have done表示本来没必要。
    6. I was really anxious about you. You ___ home without a word.
    A. mustn’t leave                                     B. shouldn’t have left
    C. couldn’t have left                                D. needn’t leave
    答案：B
    分析：根据句意：我真的很担心你，你真不应该一句话都不说就离开家。“离开家”已经发生了。Should have done正好表达了本句的意思。                                             
    7. It is suggested that a doctor       immediately.
    A. be sent for                                B. send for
    C. is sent for                                D. should send for
    答案：A
    分析：It is suggested +that从句，从句中谓语动词用should do，或只用动词原形：a doctor与send for之间存在被动关系。
    8. —Do you know Jim quarreled with his brother?
       —I don’t know, ____.
    A. nor don’t I care                                    B. nor do I care
    C. I don’t care, neither.                              D. I don’t care also
    答案：B
    分析：not在句首表示另一种情况也是如此，句子要进行部分倒装。Nor do I care“我也不在乎”。
    9. Not until all the fish died in the river ____ how serious the pollution was.
    A. did the villagers realize                         B. the villagers realized
    C. the villages did realize                          D. didn’t the villagers realize
    答案：A
    分析：not until放在句首时，句子要进行部分倒装。
10. _     can you expect to get a pay rise.
    A. With hard work                                    B. Although hard work
    C. Only with hard work                               D. Now that he works hard
    答案：C
    分析：从谓语动词can you expect to可以看出，它使用了倒装句式，所以要选择能引导倒装的选项。“only+介词短语”引导状语且位于句首时，句子进行部分倒装。
虚拟语气练习
1.Everything ______ if Albert hadn’t called the fire brigade.
a.       will be destroyed b. will have been destroyed
b.      would be destroyed d. would have been destroyed
2.If you hadn’t gone with Tom to the party last night,______.
a.       you would meet John already b. you won’t have missed John
c. you will have met John d. you would have met John
3.Supposing this ship ______ , do you think there would be enough life jackets for all the passengers?
a. was sinking b. has sunk c. were to sink d. sunk
4.The insects would devour all our crops and kill our flocks and heads, if ______ for the protection we get from insect-eating animals.
a. it is not b. it were not c. were it not d. they were not
5.The teacher suggested that each student ______ a plan for the vacation.
a. made b. make c. makes d. will make
6.Frankly, I’d rather you ______ anything about it for the time being.
a. do b. don’t do c. didn’t do d. will not do
7.After the way she treated you, if I ______ in your place.
a. be b. am c. was d. were
8.The idea is that the nation ______ an unmanned spacecraft to explore the planet first.
a. sent b. sends c. send d. must send
9.It’s high time you ______.
a. start to work b. would start to work c. started to work d. had started to work
10.“If I hadn’t practiced when I was younger,” the musician says,“I ______ able to play so well now.”
a. wouldn’t be b. won’t be c. wouldn’t have been d. couldn’t have been
11.It is imperative that you ______ there in person.
a. are b. were c. be d. will be
12.The atomic structure is, ______, a miniature solar system.
a. as it were b. as if they were c. as it were d. as if are
13.We required that the machine parts ______ cast iron.
a. is made of b. be made from c. be made of d. is made by
14.The management urged that the cost of production ______.
a.       to be further reduced b. was further reduced
b.      be further reduced d. should further reduced
15.The business is risky. But ______ we would be rich.
a. should we succeed b. we should succeed c. might we succeed d. would we succeed
16.I wish our teacher ______ to give another test. I haven’t got prepared yet.
a. isn’t going b. weren’t going c. will not going d. could have gone
17.I wish I ______ to the movies with you last night.
a. went b. did go c. could go d. could have gone
18.I’d just as soon ______ rudely to her.
a. that you won’t speak b. your not speaking c. you not speak d. you didn’t speak
19.If I ______ in the twenty-first century, I ______ my vacation in a very different way.
a. should live…would spend b. will live ….should spend
c. are living … should have spent d. will be living…would have spent
20.It is required that the machine ______ as frequently as necessary.
a. be oiled b. must be oiled c. is oiled d. will oil
21.His English teacher recommends that he a regular degree program.
a. begins b. begin c. will begin d. is beginning
22.We prefer that the plan ______ before being put into execution.
a.       is fully discussed b. must be fully discussed
c. be fully discussed d. will be fully discussed
23.What do you think of his proposal that improvements ______ in the old type of vacuum cleaner?
a. be made b. will be made c. would be made d. will have to be made
24.The doctor’s advice is that the patient ______ about his real physical condition.
a.       be not told b. not be told c. will not be told d. must not be told
25.______,we could not have finished the work on time.
a.       If they do not help us b. Was it not for their help
c. Should they offer to help us d. But for their help
26.If we had been more careful, we ______ much better results now.
a. got b. had got c. would be getting d. would have got
27.Henry ______ a rich man today if he had been more frugal in the past.
a. would be b. is c. will be d. was
28.They thought it desirable that an armed guard ______ in readiness.
a. stands b. stand c. stood d. would stand
29.All science students, ______,should have a good foundation in basic sciences.
a.       whether they are future physicists and chemists
b . they are future physicists of chemists
c.      they should be future physicists of chemists
d.      be they future physicists or chemists
30.Sally can’t have written tome or ______ the letter by now.
a. I’ll get b. I’ll have got c. I’d have got d. I’d get

虚拟语气练习答案
1
D
19
A
37
B
55
B
2
D
20
A
38
C
56
D
3
C
21
B
39
C
57
C
4
B
22
C
40
B
58
B
5
B
23
B
41
B
59
C
6
C
24
A
42
D
60
A
7
D
25
D
43
C
61
C

8
C
26
C
44
C
62
B
9
C
27
A
45
D
63
C
10
A
28
B
46
C
64
C
11
C
29
D
47
A
65
D
12
C
30
C
48
C
66
C
13
C
31
B
49
B
67
B
14
C
32
C
50
C
68
C
15
A
33
A
51
D
69
B
16
B
34
D
52
B
70
B
17
D
35
D
53
C
71

18
D
36
A
54
B
7

14.8 倒装练习
1.  Only when you have obtained sufficient data ______ come to a sound conclusion.
a. can you b. you can c. would you d. you would
2.  ______ that this region was so rich in natural resources.
a. Little he knew b. Little did he know
a. Little he did know d. Little he had known
3.  Never again ______ political office after his 1928 defeat for the presidency.
a. Alfred E. Smith seriously sought b. seriously Alfred E. Smith sought
c. when did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek d. did Alfred E. Smith seriously seek
4.  Only in recent years ______ begun to realize that wild dogs, kept within bounds, often do more good than harm.
a. people have b. since people have c. have people d. people who have
5.  _______, we were not going to make any concessions to his unreasonable demands.
a. What may come b. Come what may c. May what come d. What come
6.  Not until I shouted at the top of my voice ______ his head.
a. that he turned b. did he turn c. he didn’t turn d. he had turned
7.  ______ received law degrees as today.
a. Never so women have b. The women aren’t ever
c. Women who have never d. Never have so many women
8.  Heat does not travel by convection in solid, because the solid does not move, ______.
a. so does a liquid b. so a liquid does c. as does a liquid d. so is a liquid
9.  On no account ______ to anyone.
a. my name must be mentioned b. must my name mention
c. must my name be mentioned d. my name must mention
10.     ______ that they may eventually reduce the amount of labor needed on construction sites by 90 percent.
a. Such construction robots are clever b. So clever the construction robots are
c. So clever are the construction robots d. Such c