医学影像学英语名词解释.doc

Accessory lobe: additional pleura extending into the pulmonary segments, forming additional pulmonary lobe. The most commonly seen are azygos lobe in the inner zone superior to the right hilum, and inferior accessory lobe in the inner zone of inferior lobe. Air bronchogram sign : Because the air in the alveoli is replaced by exudates, while the air in the bronchus is not displaced and remain patent. This produces contrast between the air in the bronchial tree and the surrounding airless parenchyma. Ankylosis of joint: bony or fibrous tissues connect the articular surface. In plain film, it is characterized by a narrowed articular space. Whether the trabeculae pass through the articular space distinguishes bony or fibrous ankylosis.Artificial contrast:Those organs or spaces lack of natural contrast，can be renderde to be visible by means of contrast agents to create an artificial contrast Bone destruction: localized absence of normal bone tissue and replaced by pathological tissues. Both the cortical and spongy bone are destructed because of either the absorption of bone tissues or the activation of osteoclasts by the pathological tissue. In plain film, it appears to be a decrease in bone density locally, absence of normal bone tissue, and probably worm-eaten or sievelike cortical bone. Cavity: formed as a result of the expulsion of necrotic tissues through bronchus. It can be devided into worm-eaten, thin-walled, and thick-walled cavities. often seen in TB, pulmonary abscess and lung cancer.Codman triangle: Codman triangle is due to direct erosion of the already formed periosteal new bone by fast growing tumor. Colles fracture : The fracture line is within 2-3cm from the articular end of the radius, the distal fragment is displaced dorsally and radially and is often associated with fracture of the styloid process of the ulna and separation of the radioulnar joint. CTR: the ratio between maximal transverse diameter of the heart: summation of maximal diameter from left and right margin of the heart respectively to the mid line, and maximal width of the thorax: a horizontal line passing through the right diaphragmatic apex between inner edges of the thorax. maximum in adults: 0.5 Degeneration of joint: degenerated and necrotic articular cartilage, replaced by fibrous tissues gradually. When the bony surface is involved, it can cause hyperostosis of the bone, which leads to rough articular surface, formation of osteophyte, and ossification of ligament. It is often seen in weight-bearing or frequently used joints. Destruction of bone: Bone tissue elimination caused by sclerotin partly substituted with pathologic organism. Roentgenologically,it shows osteolytic bone areas of decreased density and loss of bone structures.Double contour: On PA film, the right border of an enlarged left atrium may produce an extra shadow superimposed on the right cardiac border, giving a double contour. Early gastric cancer : Early gastric cancer is define as carcinoma limited to the mucosa and submucosa regardless of the presence or absence of lymph node involvement. Epiphyseal fracture: occurs in childrens long bone, for the epiphysis has not linked with metaphysic, so they may separate when there is an external force acting. In plain film, the epiphysis and metaphysis are not in the normal place, or the epiphyseal plate is broader than normal. The fracture line does not exist. Filling Defect: Filling defect is caused by a space occuping mass producing defect on the barium . Fracture: a complete/ incomplete break in the continuity of a bone or a cartilage. Incomplete fractures include crack and greenstick . Complete fractures include transverse, oblique, vertical, spiral, fragmented, impacted, compression , and avulsion . Greenstick Fracture:Greenstick fracture occur almost exclusively during infancy and childhood. It is not easy for external force to cause the bone cortex complete break because of its pliant, so this kind of fracture showed buckling of the cortex without fracture lines or a transver fracture occur in the cortex, extending into the midport of the bone and then orienting along the longitudinal axis of the bone without disrupting the opposite cortex. Hilar dance: under fluorescence, there will be an obviously enhanced pulsation of the hilar arteries in pulmonary hypertension, seen in congenital heart diseases with left-to-right shunt. Hyperostosis osteoscleroses: osteosclerosis is abnormal hardening or increased density of bone on radiographs Intrapulmonary air containing space: pathological distension of physiological space in the lung. It appears to be a round translucency with a smooth wall about 1mm in X-rays. such as bullae and air containing bronchial cysts. Inverted S curve sign: PA film, atelectasis of the right superior lobe, elevated horizontal fissure, hilar mass, central bronchogenic carcinoma in the right superior lobe Kerley line: pulmonary interstitial edema, formed due to thickening interalveolar septa in different area. A: stretching form the outer zone to the hilum obliquely, seen in acute LHF; B: in the costophrenic angle, 2-3cm long, stretches horizontally, seen in MS and chronic LHF; C: in the inferior field, netlike, seen in severe pulmonary venous hypertension. Kidney Autonephretomy :The caseous lesion of renal tuberculosis can produce calcification, and even result in calcification of entire kidney called autonephritomy Lung markings: consisting of pulmonary a.,v., bronchi, and lymph tissues. In plain film, it appears to be branch like shadow radiating outward from the hilum and disappear with a gradual reduction in size. Niche: On profile, this unchanging collection of barium will project outside the confines of the stomach. Osteomalacia: Osteomalacia is a group of disorders resulting from inadequate or delayed mineralization of osteoid in mature cortical and spongy byne. The radiographic changes are characterized by general marked decrease of bone density, thick cortex the normal outline of the bone is blurred. Osteonecrosis: Osteonecrosis occurs when metabolism of bone cells cease forever from local ischemia bone. The chief characteristic that is responsible for the radiographic definition of dead bone is its apparent increase in density. Osteoporosis: refers to a decrease in normal bone tissue per unit volume, in which mineral and organic matters decrease in proportion, leaving a qualitatively normal but quantitatively deficient bone tissue. The deficient bone becomes more fragile and more vulnerable to fractures. In plain film, it appears to be a decrease in bone density generally, thin and sparse trabeculae, wide intertrabecular space, and a thinner and stratiform cortical bone. It often occurs in the elderly, menopause in women, and other circumstances such as tumor, infection, endocrine disorders, etc. Osteosclerosis and Hyperostosis: refers to an increase in normal bone tissue per unit volume. In plain film, it appears to be an increase in bone density generally, with thickened cortex and trabeculae. The medullary space is narrowed or even vanished, and sometimes the cortical bone and spongy bone cannot be distinguished. It is usually seen in tumor, inflammation, and trauma. Pancoasts tumor: peripheral bronchogenic carcinoma in the apex. can infiltrate into neighboring vertebrae and ribs, involves cervical sympathetic nerve and cause Horners syndrome. Periosteal reaction: when the periosteum is irritated pathologically, osteoblasts in the inner layer will be activated and produce sub-periosteal new bone. In plain film, it appears to be a high density shadow parallel to the cortex, with various patterns as linear, luminar, or lacelike. It usually indicates a destruction or injury of the bone. Pleural indentation: V-shaped or cordlike, dense shadow between the mass and pleura, contraction of scar tissue in tumor, adenocarcinoma, bronchioalveolar carcinoma Primary complex: a combination of primary pulmonary tuberculous focus, hilar tuberculous lymphangitis and lymphadenitis. forms a typical dumbbell-like X-ray image. Primary complex tuberculosis; The combination of the primary pulmonary tuberculous focus, lymphangitis and intrathoracic lymphadenitis is known as the primary complex tuberculosis. It occurs chiefly in children. Schmorls nodule: Prolapse of the nucleus pulposus through the vertebral body endplate into the spongiosa of the vertebra, accompanied by responsive hyperostosis. Stirlin sign: There is a lack of barium retention in a diseased segment of ileum and caecum but with a column of barium remains on either side of the affected area. This phemonenon may result from spasm, organic constracture of a combination of both. It is suggestive of tuberculosis of intestine. Subpleural line: thickened adjacent interlobular septa connects together, dermatasclerosis, asbestosis The third pathologic arch: It may form a separate arch between the pulmonary segment and the left ventricle ,due to enlargement of the atrial appendage. It is called the third pathologic arch. Tree-budded sign: bronchiolus, diffuse panbronchiolitis, bronchogenic dissemination