句子成分分入门专用2011,8.doc

镇江市国际学校高一英语学案之句子成分（2015-9-2）
句子成分是指构成句子的各个组成部分，即词和词组在句子中的各种语法意义。句子成分主要有主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语。另外，一些句子还有一些其他的成分，如同位语、呼语、插入语等

主语（subject）:主语是指句子谈论的主题，说明的人或事物。也就是句中动作、行为、性质和状态的主体。主语可以用下面这些词性或结构表示：
1.名词；2. 代词； 3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；6. 词组或复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的其他词类
The sun rises in the east. （ ） He likes dancing. （ ）
Twenty years is a short time in history. ( ) Seeing is believing. （ ） To see is to believe. （ ） What he needs is a book. （ ）
It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree. （ ）

谓语（predicate）: 说明主语的动作、状态和特征。通常由动词的各种形式来充当。并且和主语在人称和数上保持一致。
We study English. He is asleep.
1.一般谓语都是由一个动词或动词短语来充当 She got here at six. （动词）
2.有些谓语是由“系动词+表语”构成的
The girl felt cold. He is a teacher.
3.有些谓语由“情态动词+动词原形”构成
Can you speak French? We must be careful.
4.如果不及物动词作谓语，则不可以直接加宾语，但可以在不及物动词后加介词再跟宾语
We should depend on ourselves, not others. （depend为不及物动词）

表语（predicative）: 系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。（常见的系动词有: be, sound（听起来）, look（看起来）, feel(摸起来，smell（闻起来）, taste（尝、吃起来）, remain（保持，仍是）, feel（感觉） ...
He is a teacher. （ ） Seventy-four! You don’t look it. （ ）Five and five is ten. （ ） He is asleep. （ ） His father is in. （ ） The picture is on the wall. ( )
My watch is gone / missing / lost. （ ）
To wear a flower is to say “I’m poor, I can’t buy a ring. （ ）
The question is whether they will come. （ ）
It sounds a good idea. ( ) The sound sounds strange. ( )
Her voice sounds sweet. ( ) Tom looks thin. ( )
The food smells delicious. ( ) The food tastes good. ( )
The door remains open. ( ) Now I feel tired. ( )

宾语（object） ：表示动作、行为的对象，和及物动词一起说明主语做什么，分为直接宾语和间接宾语两种。
宾语可以用下面这些词性或结构表示：1.名词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 动名词；5. 不定式；6. 复合结构；7. 从句；8. 名词化的形容词及其他词类
----How many do you want? ----We need two. （数词）
Did you write down what she said?（从句） （从句） Remember to close the window. （不定式）
1）动作的承受者-----动宾
I like China. （ ） He hates you. （ ）
How many do you need? We need two. （ ）
We should help the old and the poor. ( ) I enjoy working with you. （ ）
I hope to see you again. （ ） Did you write down what he said? （ ）
2） 介词后的名词、代词和动名词-----介宾
Are you afraid of the snake? ( ) Under the snow, there are many rocks. ( )
3） 双宾语-----间宾（指人）和直宾（指物）
He gave me a book yesterday. Offer the poor man some money.

补语 (complement) ：补语用于补充说明其他的句子成分，有主语补语与宾语补语。
主语补语可以用下面词性或结构来表示：1.形容词 2.名词 3.动词不定式4.分词
宾语补语可以用下面词性或结构来表示：1.名词 2.形容词 3.动词分词4.动词不定式 5.介词短语或副词
宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。
We elected him monitor. （ ）
We all think it a pity that she didn’t come here. （ ）
We will make them happy. （ ） We found nobody in. ( )
Please make yourself at home. ( ） Don’t let him do that. （ ）
His father advised him to teach the lazy boy a lesson. （ ）
Don’t keep the lights burning. （ ） I’ll have my bike repaired. （ ）
主补：对主语的补充。
He was elected monitor. ( )
She was found singing in the next room. ( )
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson. ( )
He died young. ( ) She was called Lucy. ( )
He was seen to go upstairs. ( )

定语 (attributive) ：用于限定名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、特征、所属。定语一般位于所限定的词之前，其数和格必须与被限定的词相一致。定语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.形容词；2. 代词；3. 数词；4. 名词或名词所有格；5. 分词；6. 不定式；7. 介词短语；8. 副词；9. 词组或合成词；10. 从句
Mr. Zhang is a chemistry teacher.（ ） He is our friend. （ ）
We belong to the third world. （
He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.（ ）
The man over there is my old friend.( )
The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister. ( )
The boys playing football are in Class 2. （ ）
The trees planted last year are growing well now. （ ）
I have an idea to do it well. （ ）
You should do everything that I do. （ ）

状语 (adverbial) ：用来修饰v., adj., adv., or 句子。 表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、
程度、条件、方式和让步。
状语可以用下面这些词性或结构表示：1.副词；2. 介词短语；3. 不定式；4. 分词；5. 形容词；6. 词组；7. 复合结构；8. 从句
I will go there tomorrow. (　　　　)
The meeting will be held in the meeting room.　（　　　）
The meat went bad because of the hot weather. （　　　　）
He studies hard to learn English well.　　　　　（　　　）
He didn’t study hard so that he failed in the exam.（　　　　）
I like some of you very much. 　　　（　　　　）
If you study hard, you will pass the exam. （　　　　）
He goes to school by bike. （　　　　）
Though he is young, he can do it well. 　　　　　（　　　　）

同位语（apposition）：同位语指两个或两个以上的词语，指同一个事物，作为同一个句子成分。
This is my cousin, Helen.

独立成分 ：感叹词、应答词、呼语、插入语等，在句中可作独立成分，用逗号与其他成分隔开。
主语补语可以用下面词性或结构来表示：1.感叹词 2.呼语 3.插入语
Oh, my god! （感叹词） Come in, Mr. Green. This, I think, is the best way to help them.

简单句的五个基本句型

主语 ＋ 谓语（不及物动词）　 　　　 She came．/ My head aches.
主语 ＋ 谓语（及物动词） ＋宾语 She likes English.
主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋表语　　　　　 She is happy．
主语 ＋ 谓语　＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 　　 She gave John a book．
She bought a book for me.
主语 ＋ 谓语 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语　　　 She makes her mother angry．
The teacher asked me to read the passage.
（ There +be句型　　 There is a book on the desk. ）

Exercises
判断下列各句是何种基本结构：

1. Our school is not far from my home. 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest. 4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.

5. He broke a piece of glass. 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．

7. ---I love you more than her，child ． 8. Tees turn green when spring comes.

9. They pushed the door open. 10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.

12.All the students think highly of his teaching

13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 14. He asked us to sing an English song.

15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．

16.We will make our school more beautiful.

17. He didn't come．That is why he didn't know.

18. She showed us her many of her pictures.

19. The old man lives a lonely life.

20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town.

21. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．

22. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．

23. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfill it this month.

24. Go back where you came from. 25. We must do whatever the people want us to do.

26. At last he got home, tired and hungry. 27. Would you please pass me the cup?

28 Mary handed her homework to the teacher. 29. Do you know the latest news about him?

30. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.

指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus. 2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class. 4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning. 6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow. 10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time. 12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English. 14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest; your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper. 18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room. 20. The apples tasted sweet.

KEYS分析下列句子成分
1. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 2. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
3. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 4. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
5. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 6. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语
7. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 8. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
9. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 10. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
11. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 12 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语
13. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 14. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
15. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 16. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
17. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 18. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
19. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 20. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
21. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语 22. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语
23. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 24. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
25. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 26. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词
27. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 28. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
29. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语 30. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语
翻 译 练 习：主谓结构 （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）
1You should study hard.
2 She went home very late yesterday evening.
3That morning we talked a great deal.
4The meeting will last two hours.
5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day.
7The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.
8Classes begin at eight every day.
9This box weighs five kilos.
10 I lived in Beijing five years ago.
主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语 ）
 1.I wrote a letter last night.  
2.I want to talk with you this afternoon.
 3.He has read this book many times. 
4.They have carried out the plan successfully.
 5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks. 
6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.
 7.I received a letter from my pen friend in Australia. 
8.Jim cannot dress himself.
 9.All of us believe that Jack is an honest boy.
10.He did not know what to say.
主系表结构 （主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋主语补语 ）
1My brothers are all college students. 2In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
3 Mrs Brown looks very healthy. 4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.
5 Children, keep quiet please. 6 This book is about the history of the United States.
7Her job is to look after the children in the nursery. 8He is out of work.
9The leaves have turned yellow. 10The report sounds interesting.
双宾语结构 （主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 ）
1Mr Johnson taught us German last year.
2Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.
4Would you please pass me the dictionary?
5He showed the ticket to the conductor.
6This term I have written three letters to my parents.
7My father has bought me a new bike.
8Robinson Crusoe made himself a boat.
9Will you please get me a new copy?
10 Shall I call you a taxi?
复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋ 宾补动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补语 ）
1We call her Alice. 2His parents named him John.
3All of us considered him honest. 4They pushed the door open.
5They have set the thief free. 6We will make our school more beautiful.
7He asked us to join in the game. 8I want you to tell me the truth.
9The guards ordered us to leave at once. 10Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine.
11Every morning we hear him read English aloud. 12The pain made him cry out.
13We won’t let her go out at night. 14He has his hair cut once a month.
15I’ll get my recorder mended. 16The terrible sound made the children frightened. 17She is listening to someone telling stories. 18he boys were watching the soldiers drilling.
19I have never seen the word used that way before. 20He felt it very difficult to talk with you.
21I think it more comfortable to go there by ship.
22I consider it possible to work out the problem in another way.
23The school made it a rule that the students should stand up when class begins.
24I thought it no use talking with that man

There be 句型

1There isn’t going to be a meeting tonight.
2There was only a well in the village.
3There is (are) a teacher of music and a teacher of art in the school.
4Among the guests there were two Americans and two Frenchmen.
5The weatherman says there’ll be a strong wind in the afternoon. 6
6The light is on. There must be someone ion the office.
7There used to be a cinema here before the war.
8There happened to be nobody in the room.
9Once, there lived an old fisherman in a village by the sea.
10There comes the bus.
11There remained just twenty-eight dollars.
12In front of the cave, there stands(grows) a tall pine tree.
13There goes the bell.
14There are twenty-eight days in February