人教版高中必修一语法知识点总结.doc

Unit 1 Friendship (friends and friendship, interpersonal relationship)
Main grammar point: direct speech and indirect speech I (statements and questions)
主要语法知识点：直接引语和间接引语

引述别人的话有两种方式，直接引述别人的原话，叫做直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话叫做间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用加引号。例如：
Mr Black said,“I’m busy”. (直接引语)
Mr Black said that he was busy. （间接引语）
1 陈述句
直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语，用力连词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要做相应变化。
1） 人称的变化
He said, “I like it very much.”→
He said that he liked it very much.
He said to me, “I have left my book in your room.”→
He told me that he had left his book in my room.
2) 时态的变化
如主句的时态是一般过去式， 直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面也要做相应的变化。如主句的谓语动词时现在时，从句的时态无需变化
主句为一般过去式的时候，从句的时态变化：
一般现在时 → 一般现在时
“I don’t want to set down a series of facts in a dairy,” said Anne.
Anne said that she didn’t want to set down a series of facts in a diary.
现在进行时 →过去进行时
The boy said,” I am using a knife.”
The boy said that he was using a knife.
现在完成时→ 过去完成时
Cella said，”I have not heard from Jordan since May.”
Cella said that she had not heard from Jordan since May.
一般过去时 → 过去完成时
They said,” we saw her in the street.”
They said they had seen her in the street
过去完成时不变
He said,”I had finished my homework.”
He said he had finished his work.
一般将来时 → 过去将来时
He said,” I will do it after class.”
He said he would do it after class.
3） 指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词等的变化
This that
These those
Now then
Ago before/earlier
Today that day
Yesterday the day before
Tomorrow the next/following day
The day after tomorrow in two days’ time
Come go
Here here
The day before yesterday tow days before/earlier

说明：
（1） 直接引语如果是客观真理变为间接引语时，时态不变：
He said,” Light travels much faster than sound.”
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
(2) 如果在当地转述，here不必改为there，动词come不必改为go, 如果在当天转述，yesterday，tomorrow等时间状语也不必变。

2 祈使句
转述祈使句时，要将祈使句的动词原形变为带to的不定式，并在不定式的前面根据句子的意思上加上tell，ask, order等动词，如果祈使句为否定形式，在不定式前面加not。例如：
The hostess said to us,” Please sit down.”
The hostess asked us to sit down.
Father said to him,” Go away.”
Father ordered him to go away.

3 疑问句
直接引语如果是疑问句，变为间接引语时，要把疑问句语序变为陈述句语序（主语在谓语前面），句末用句号，主语的人称，时态和状语也要做相应的变化。
1） 一般疑问句：直接引语如果是一般疑问句，变为间接引语时，谓语动词是say或said时，要改为ask或asked，原问句变成由连词if（或whether）引导的宾语从句。没有间接宾语的，可以根据情况加上。例如:
“Do you think a diary can become you friend?” the writer says.
The writer asks us if we think a diary can become our friend.
He said,” Are you interested in English?”
He asked if I was interested in English.
2) 特殊疑问句：直接引语如果是特殊疑问句，变为间接引语时，任然用原来的疑问词引导。例如：
What do you want?” he asked me.
He asked me what I waned.
“When did you go to bed last night?” father said to Anne.
Father asked Anne when she went to bed last light.

Unit 2 English around the world (English language and its development, different kinds of English)
Main grammar point: direct speech and indirect speech (requests and commands)
主要语法知识点：直接引语和间接引语
语法知识点详解见Unit 1.

Unite 3 Travel journal ( travelling, describing a journey )
Main grammar point: the present continuous tense: expressing futurity
主要语法知识点：将来时
将来动作的表达法（be + v-ing）
初中课本介绍了be going to 和will（shall）+动词的形式表示将来的意义，现在进行时有时用来表示按计划或安排即将发生的动作。如：
Are you going to Mexico next week?
Are you coming to the cinema?
He is leaving for London in two hours.

Unit 4 Earthquake (basic knowledge about earthquakes. how to protect oneself and others in disasters)

Main grammar point: the attributive clause I (that, which, who, whose)
主要语法知识点：定语从句
在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。如：
The man who lives next to us sells vegetables.
You must do everything that i do.
上面两句中的man和everything是被定语从句叙事的词，叫做先行词，其后的黑体部分为定语从句，其中who和that叫关系代词。引导定语从句的词有关系词that，which，who（宾格whom，所有格whose）和关系副词where，when，why等。关系代词和关系副词处在先行词和定语从句之间起着连接主从句，指代先行词和在从句中作句子成分的三重作用。
1 关系代词that，which，who引导的定语从句
That 在从句中作主语或宾语：
指物：1）A plane is a machine that can fly.(作主语)
2）The noodles that I cooked were delicious.(作宾语)
指人： 1）Who is the man that is reading over there.(作主语)
2) The girl that we saw yesterday was Jim’s sister.(作宾语)
Which在句中作主语或宾语：
指物：1） They planted some trees which didn’t need much water.(作主语)
2） The fish which we bought this morning was not fresh.(作宾语)
Who，whom在从句中分别作主语和宾语：
1） The boy who broke the window is called Tom.(作主语)
2) The person to whom you just talked is Mr. Li. (作宾语)

2 由关系副词whose引导的定语从句
关系副词whose为关系代词who的所有格形式，用作名词的限定语，whose引导的定语从句即可为限定的，也可为非限定的。先行词即可为人，也可为物，whose和它所修饰的名词在定语从句中可作主语及动词或介词的宾语。如：
This is the scientist whose name is known all over the world.
I went to see my friend the Smiths, whose children i used to look after when i were young.
The room whose window faces south is mine.
He has written a book whose name of which i have forgotten.

3 由关系副词when， where，why引导的定语从句
1) when在从句中作时间状语
October 1, 1949 is the day when (= on which) the People’s Republic of China was founded.
I will never forget the time when (= during which) we worked on the farm.
Do you remember the afternoon when (= on which) we first met three years ago?
2) where 在从句中作地点状语
This is the place where (=in/on which) we first met.
The hotel where (= in which) we stayed wasn’t very clean.
I recently went to the town where (= in which) I was born.
I’d like to live in a country where (=in which) there is plenty of sunshine.
3) why在从句中作原因状语
I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t the reason why (= for which) I left.
The reason why (=for which) he was late was that he missed his train.

Unit 5 Nelson Mandela- a modern hero (the qualities of a great people. & the lives of some great people)
Main grammar point: the attributive clause I (where, when, why, prep.+ which/whom)
主要语法知识点：定语从句
主要语法知识点见Unit 4.