非谓语三种形式的区别和辨析.doc

非谓语动词三种形式用法的区别：

1. 做主语：
v-ing & to do 都可以做主语，大多数情况两者没有区别。注意：但是v-ed不可以做主语。
Exploring the Amazon River deserves courage. ( doing 表抽象的概念)
To explore the Amazon River deserves courage. ( to do 表具体的/将来的动作)

其余注意事项：
1） Seeing is believing.
To see is to believe. (即：主语与表语的形式要一致)
但是不能说：Seeing is to believe; 或者To see is believing.

2） Lincoln said it was not right for the south to break away from the union.
Linda said it was nice of you to lend her money.
The children’s loving nature can surely inspire their love for their family members.

3) It is no good / no use / useless + doing sth 句型
It’s no use crying over spilt milk.

4) There is no + doing. 句型
There is no knowing what will happen next. 谁也不知道下一步会发生什么。
There is no telling what will happen. 谁也无法判断、辨别将要发生什么。

2. 做表语：
My favorite hobby is to collect / collecting old coins. (一般概念to do/doing 可以互换)
Our aim is to help the old lead a happy life. (表具体的/将来的动作用to do)

We were all greatly amazed at the children’s wonderful performance.
The children’s wonderful performance was amazing.

3. 作宾语：用哪种形式做宾语往往跟动词的搭配用法有关
like / love to do & like / love doing;
begin / start to do & begin / start doing;
prefer to do & prefer doing;
continue to do & continue doing;

try to do VS try doing;
mean to do VS mean doing;
can’t help doing VS can’t help (to) do
go on to do VS go on doing;
stop to do VS stop doing;

forget to do VS forget doing / forget having done
regret to do VS regret doing / regret having done;
remember to do VS remember doing / remember having done;

sth need doing & sth need to be done (需要)
sth require doing & sth require to be done (需要)
sth want doing & sth want to be done (需要)
sth deserve doing & sth deserve to be done (值得)

需要注意的重要形式：
特殊疑问词(how / what / when/ where…) + to do = 宾语从句
Hearing the sad news, I didn’t know what to do.
= Hearing the sad news, I didn’t know what I could do.
I couldn’t decide whether to work another year or change my job.
= I couldn’t decide whether I could work another year or change my job.

2） it 做形式宾语，to do / doing做真正的宾语
I though it an honor to have been invited to dinner. ( to be invited to dinner的完成式)
I found it no use attempting to lose weight by going on diet.

3） I’m looking forward to seeing you again.
I have no choice but to stay home for another hour.
I have nothing to do but stay home for another hour.
I can do nothing but stay home for another hour.

4. 作宾语补足语：（考试重点）
I often notice a little boy pass this corridor and enter the garden.
I found a stranger walking nearby our shop.
( doing 强调动作正在进行；（看到、注意到）动作的一部分)
( to do强调动作已经完成；（看到、注意到）动作的全过程
请注意下列句子的区别：
We heard her singing next door. (听到她唱歌动作的一部分；听到她正在唱歌) （主动正在进行）
We heard her sing next door. (听到她唱歌动作的全部分；听到她唱过歌) （主动完成）
We heard the song sung by her. (听到这首歌被她唱过) （被动完成）
We heard the song being sung by her next door. （听到她这首歌正在被她唱） （被动正在进行）

Don’t have the water running all the day. (让…一直做) （主动，一直进行）
The teacher had him read the text three times. （让...做…） (主动，做具体一件事情)
I had my hair colored last Friday. （让…由别人做；遭遇到不好的事情） （被动，有别人完成）

注意跟I have a lot of homework to do today. (有) 的区别。（此句的to do 不做宾补，而是做定语，to do表示将要完成）

需要注意的重要形式：
1. After doing lots of experiments, this theory is proved (to be) true.
We all consider him (to be) kind and honest.
We all believe him (to be) a smart boy.
* prove / consider / believe … + sth / sb （宾语）+ (to be) + adj / n

2. 逻辑主语
Do you mind my opening the window?
Do you mind me opening the window? (用me只限于doing做宾语的时候，做doing的逻辑主语)

I often hear my neighbors talking and laughing in the garden.
I often hear my neighbors’ talking and laughing in the garden.
5. 做定语（考试重点）
I have three letters to write. (将要自己完成)
I have three letters typed. （将有别人完成）
Do you know the man sitting under the tree? （主动；正在进行）
Have you read any short stories translated by him? （被动；已经完成）
The question being discussed at the meeting is of great importance. （被动；正在进行）

注意：having done 通常只能做状语/ 宾语，作定语时只能做非限制性定语。
This is the question having been discussed for thousands of years. (×)
This is the question discussed for thousands of year. (√)
The question, having been discussed for thousands of years, has been solved. (√)
与定语从句的转换：
The car waiting nearby is a Ford.
= The car which is waiting nearby is a Ford.
The story, written by a young girl, becomes popular with the teens.
= The story, which is written by a young girl, becomes popular with the teens.
The parents, looking greatly worried, walked up and down the street.
= The parents, who looked greatly worried, walked up and down the street.
The question being discussed at the meeting is of great importance.
= The question which is being discussed at the meeting is of great importance.
6. 做状语（考试重点）
1) to do 做状语通常只表目的或结果。
I saved every cent to buy a car. = I saved every cent in order to / so as to buy a car.
(目的)
I hurried to the station only to find the train had left. （结果）

2）doing 与 done 做状语，可以表示伴随，方式，原因，结果，让步，时间等等，但是必须注意其与句子的主语构成的逻辑关系。
Looking around, there was nobody nearby. (×)
Looking around, I found there was nobody nearby. (√)
Seen from the hill, the house looks small. (√)
* 做方式，原因，伴随状语时，更多习惯用done，而不用being done
Written very well, the book sells well. (不用being written)
The teacher entered the classroom, followed by his students. (不用being followed)
3) doing 的完成式
Having been disturbed badly, the man lost his memory.
7. 独立主格结构（考试重点）
1) 独立主格结构往往位于句首或句尾，只能做状语。
As the night fell, we checked in a nearby hotel.
= Night falling, we checked in a nearby hotel.
When the final exams were finished, we began our summer vacation.
= The final exams finished, we began our summer vacation.
Because I have a lot of homework to do, I stayed at home all day.
= A lot of homework to do, I stayed at home all day.
2）大多数独立主格结构用with + N + to do / doing / done 出现
With night falling, we checked in a nearby hotel.
With the final exams finished, we began our summer vacation.With a lot of homework to do, I stayed at home all day.