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2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar12024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar21)Main Verbs and Auxiliaries Why so divided?different roles played in the formation of verb phrases AccordingtoAccordingto I will win this competition.winwillbasic meaning of phrase grammatical and modal meanings of phrase Main VerbsAuxiliaries2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar3three categories:modal auxiliaries semi-auxiliaries.be,do,have can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare,need,used to,have to,seem to bo to,be sure to,be about to,be apt to,be certain to,be bound to,be going to,be(un)likely to have got to,had better,had best happen to,chance to,appear to,come to,fail to,get to,tend to,turn out toprimary auxiliaries2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar4 The superman is singing.He was sent to England.Does he like his wife?He did love his wife.He has been to New York.is wasDoesdidhas2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar5primary auxiliaries be the progressive aspect or passive voice.do negative meanings or to form questions some times the emphatic affirmative have the perfective or the perfective progressive aspect.no lexical meaning with grammatical functions/meanings:be,do,have Features:Exercise 1Observe the following sentences and point out which ones of the blue words are primary auxiliaries and which ones are not.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar61.I have a new guitar.2.I dont have a new guitar.3.They have had a nice time.4.I have seen Peter.5.They will have spoken to Peter.6.I am from England.7I am reading a book.8.A house was built.9.I do my homework in the evenings.10.I have done my homework.11.Doing my homework is not always fun.12.I didnt see Jane doing her homework.13.Dont sing under the shower.14.When did you get up this morning?Exercise 22024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar7Complete the following sentences by using the right form of to have(have,has,had).1)Jack_fun at the party last Saturday.2)Im sorry,but I _ to go now.3)You _ ever been to Canada?4)Dave_ passed his driving test.5)Can we _ the bill,please?6)The match _ already started when we arrived.7)They _ breakfast at 6:30 this morning.8)Do you _ a brother?9)My boss never _ time.10)Doris _ been waiting for Pam for 20 minutes now.hadhavehavehashavehadhadhavehashas2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar8Modal Auxiliariesthirteen modal auxiliaries including some past tense forms can/could,may/might,will/would,shall/should,must,ought to,dare,need,used to 1.express modal meanings 2.past tense forms do not necessarily express past time 3.In a finite verb phrase,we can use only one modal auxiliarywhich is invariably followed by the bare infinitive or the base form.Features:2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar9Semi-auxiliarieshave to,seem to 1.help the main verb to form the complex verb phrase and express the modal meaning Features:2.when preceded by other auxiliaries,function as main verbsI have to buy a new car.I dont have to buy a new car.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar102)Transitive verbs,intransitive verbs and linking verbs Main verbs can be divided in accordance with whether or not they must be followed by obligatory elements functioning as complementation and what kind of elements that must follow.Transitive Verbs Intransitive VerbsLinking Verbsobject do not require an object subject complement 2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar11Intransitive verb:sing,dance,fly,smile,rise,talk,.They always want _ after lunch.applesno objectno passive voiceHe is looking me.look at/look aroundTransitive verb:+objectlisten to/laugh at/talk toS+Vt+O:I love my motherS+Vt+o+O:I buy my mother a gift.S+Vt+O+C:We paint the wall white.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar12Linking verbam/is/arefeel/smell/taste/seem/lookturn/grow/become/gostay/keep/hold/remainSpider man is a hero.This milk smells sour.This task seems difficult.The weather become hotHe always keeps silent in the class.The rumor proves false.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar13Distinguish the categories of the blue verbs:1.The fish is fresh from water.You dont have to smell it.3.The milk is going bad.It smells.4.This fish smells delicious.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar143)Dynamic Verbs and Stative Verbsdynamicstativefor actionsfor statesaccording to lexical meanings1.Durative Verbs2.Transitional Verbs3.Momentary VerbsThese verbs normally admit of both the progressive and the non-progressive aspect.non-progressive form a single movement progressive form a repeated movementDynamic Verbs can be subclassified into three categories:according to their Duration2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar15normally incompatible with the progressive except in certain cases where there is a transfer of meaning1.main verb be and have2.verbs with the notion of being and having3.verbs that refer to a sense perception4.verbs that refer to a feeling/opinion 2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar16The 1st subclass includes main verb be and main verb have:Jim is a teacher,but 20 years ago he was a soldier.We have friends all over the world.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar17The 2nd subclass includes verbs that include,as part of their meaning,the notion of being and having,such as apply to,belong to,differ from,cost,weigh,measure,fit,hold,lack,resembleThis rule applies to everyone.(=is applicable to)French differs from English in having gender for all nouns.(=is different from)The auditorium holds 2000 people.(=has the capacity for)2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar18The 3rd subclass includes verbs that refer to a sense perception,such as hear,see,feel,taste,smellShe doesnt hear very well.I can taste pepper in the soup.It tastes hot.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar19The 4th subclass includes verbs that refer to a feeling,a state of mind or an opinion,such as assume,believe,consider(=think),detest,fear,hate,hope,imagine,know,like,love,mean,mind,notice,prefer,regret,remember,suppose,think,understand,I believe we have met before.Jim knows Chinese.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar20She works at a chemical factory.She has been working there for a long time.The actions expressed by these verbs almost have no time limit.The leaves of the trees are turning yellow.The weather is changing for the better.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar21The old man stops at a house and knocks at the door.Who is knocking the door?He opened the door and ran out of the house.He was opening and closing the door to make sure that it worked properly.Single actions cannot lastThe repetition of Single actions can be durative2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar22Here are a few examples to illustrate that stative verbs can sometimes be used dynamically and therefore can be used with the progressive aspect,e.g.:He is a fool.He is being a fool.I have a book.We are having breakfast.I feel comfortable.Im feeling this material.I expect youre rather tired.I am expecting a visitor.I dont think you are right.Dont make so much noise.Im thinking.StativeStativeStativeStativeStativeDynamicDynamicDynamicDynamicDynamicbe acting as/pretendhave eatfeel touchexpect wait forthink consider2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar232024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar24Phrasal verbs are verbal idioms which are equivalent to single-word verbs,transitive or intransitive,and which are different from simple verbal combinations where the meanings are easily guessed from the parts.Compare:The lights went out.(S+V)He put on his coat and went out.(S+V+A)Mary came in with the coffee.(S+V+A+A)The bomb went off with a deafening crash.(SVA)He came out with an extraordinary story.(SVO)2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar25English main verbs have two finite forms and three non-finite forms.1.the present tense form 2.the past tense form1.the infinitive 2.the ing participle 3.the ed participlethe bare infinitivethe to-infinitive Finite verbs are marked for tense,and non-finite verbs have no tense distinctions.2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar26Tense&AspectTenseTense is a grammatical form associated with verbs that is a grammatical form associated with verbs that tells of the tells of the distinctions of timedistinctions of time.AspectAspect as a grammatical term indicates whether an as a grammatical term indicates whether an action or stateaction or state at a given time is viewed as at a given time is viewed as complete complete or incompleteor incomplete.PastAspectProgressivePerfectiveTensePresent2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar27A combination of the two tenses and the two aspects makes it possible for a finite verb phrase to take the following 8 forms:The Simple Present The Simple Past The Present Progressive/Present ContinuousThe Past Progressive/Past ContinuousThe Present PerfectiveThe Past PerfectiveThe Present Perfective ProgressiveThe Past Perfective Progressive2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar28Active voice and Passive VoiceVoice is a grammatical category.It is a form of the verb which shows whether the subject of a sentence acts or is acted on.English verbs have two voices:the active voice and the passive voice.The passive voice is formed by the auxiliary be+-ed participle of the transitive verb.Compare BE-passive&GET-passive2024/4/7 周日A New English Grammar29MoodMood,as a grammatical category,is a finite verb form that indicates whether an utterance expresses a fact(indicative mood),a command or request(imperative mood),or a non-fact and hypothesis(subjunctive mood).There are two forms of the subjunctive:be-subjunctive and were-subjunctive.I wish I were young again.If I were you,I would not go there.If he be found guilty,his membership shall be suspended.It is essential that he recognize his faults.