爱尔兰的政治与经济unit-12.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Ireland,Politics economy,politics,The president,The government,parliament,Voting and referenda,The civil service,Irish legal system,1.Ireland is a representative democracy.,preview,2.The structure of Irish government-the Irish Republic has a,Prime MinisterTaoiseach)and a Deputy Prime Minister,(appoints a cabinet to execute the daily business of government).,The Parliament(Dail,)enacts all legislation for the country.(This,legislation is interpreted by a hierarchy of courts.)The laws are,enforced by an unarmed police force,called the Garda Siochana,(Guardians of the Peace).The government is headed by a President,who is elected directly by the people.,3.The system of government is based on the American principle,of checks and balances.,About The President,Under the Constitution,the President(Uachtaran,)is elected by the direct,vote of the peopleEvery citizen of 35 years of age or over is,eligible to run for President.Every citizen who has the,right to vote in at an election for members of the Irish,Parliament also has the right to vote at an election,For President.,The incumbent President of Ireland is,Michael Daniel Higgins,(Michel D.hUignn,).,The Presidents term of office is 7 years.,A President can be reelected once only.,The President acts as a symbolic Head of State,only and does not have Executive functions.And in its,symbolic function the Irish Presidency perhaps is nearer to,the status of the present Queen in England than to that,of the President of the US.,The Constitution can give the President certain powers that make the President in effect the Guardian of the Constitution.(For instance,the President may under certain circumstances refer any proposed legislation to the Supreme Court for a decision as,to whether it contains anything repugnant to the Constitution.),The President has one power which may require exercising his or her absolute discretion.This allows the President to refuse to dissolve the Dail on the advice of a Taiseach who has ceased to retain the support of a majority in the Dail,.,Part 2-Government,The executive powers of the State are exercised by,or on the authority,of,the Government.The Constitution provides that the Government shall,consist of not less than 7 and not more than 15 members:all must be elected,members of the Irish Parliament.The Government acts collectively and is,responsible to the Dail,or Irish Parliament.,The Prime Minister is appointed by the President,on the nomination of the Parliament.Thus the,Prime Minister must emerge as an agreed,candidate of the largest political,party of the Parliament,or one,that is agreed by a coalition of Parliament Parties,and must resign if he ceases to retain the,support of a majority of members in the Parliament.,The Prime Minister nominates one member of the,government to be the Deputy Prime Minister,(Tanaiste,).He acts in place of the Prime Minister if,the Prime Minister is temporarily absent or becomes,incapacitated.,The Prime Minister also appoints an Attorney General.,Although not the member of the Government,the Attorney,General acts as legal adviser to the Government and may,attend Cabinet meetings.His tenure of office,is normally coterminous with that of the Government.,continue,The Parliament,The sole power of making laws for the state belongs to Irish,Parliament.,The Parliament of Ireland is comprised of 2 houses:the Dail,and the Senate.Government policy and administration may,be examined and criticized in both Houses;but under the,Constitution the government is responsible to the Dail,alone.,At present Irish Parliament has 166 members called Teachtai,Dala,(TDs).TDs have really 2 jobs.They must represent the,region which elected them,making themselves available there,to hear personal representations from their constituents.,The Senate was designed by the Constitution as a second,House of Parliament in which specific issues could be considered,and debated in conjunction with the Dail,.Although its efficacy,is under question today,the Senate was originally conceived as,a second house which could serve to balance,and in certain,circumstances,check the powers of the Dail,.,At present the Senate has 60 members.They differ from TDs,insofar as Senators are not directly elected.11 members are,nominated directly by the Prime Minister.43 members are,elected from 5 panels of candidates under different headings.,Each panel consists of persons with knowledge and practical,experience of the interests represented by the panel(such as,that in agriculture,for instance).The remaining 6 members are,elected by 2 universities-3 by National University of Ireland,and 3 by the University of Dublin.,Opportunities for the general,public to vote arise in 5 separate,decision-making procedures:,-the election of the President,(every 7 year).,-Dail,(or Parliament)elections,(at least every 5 years).,-referenda on proposed Constitutional,amendments,(as they are called).,-the election of representatives to,the European Parliament,(every 5 years).,-elections to local authorities,(usually every 5 yeas).,voting,voting,Every resident citizen over the,age of 18 years may vote at Dail,Presidential,local and European,elections,and referenda.EU,citizens may vote at European and,local elections.All residents of,Ireland,regardless of citizenship,may vote at local elections.,Civil Service,The Civil Service is divided into 16 government,departments,each headed by a Minister appointed,by the Prime Minister.Ministers have the final,responsibility for these areas.At present there are some,30000 people employed in the civil service.,1,2,Teachers and members of police force as well as of the,Irish army,together with the staff of local authorities,and of the health services,belong to the wider public,service,rather than the civil service proper.,The Irish Legal System,In accordance with most Western nations,justice is,Administered in public in courts of law which are,administered by a judge.,Judges are appointed by the President on the advice,of the Government.,After each case has been made,the judge will sum up,the arguments on both sides,and reach a judgment.But,unlike America(and China),Ireland has abolished the,death sentence.,Varies of courts.,economy,Ireland is a small,open,trade-,dependent economy.Its openness,is reflected in the international,mobility of its labor and capital.,In recent decades,the Irish economy,has been transformed from being,agrarian and having a traditional,manufacturing based on the hi-tech,and the internationally traded services.,From its founding 1922 until the 1970s,the,Ireland as an economy tended to be inward-,looking,and concentrated on goals now seen,to be futile,such as being self-sufficient.,Predictably,the result of this protectionism,was high prices at home and a virtual,stagnation of trade.,Review,over the last decade,unprecedented,economic growth has seen the level of,Irish real GNP almost double in size.,The reason why it has had so much changes lies,in followings.,There was a population boom,so that the,number of young people increased dramatically.,2.The reform of education meant that these,young people were better educated and more,aware of their options in life and better able,to take them up.As a result of a radical change,of attitudes,more women are also entering,the workforce.,3.The government had a conversion,to market economics.They began,to realize that protecting a traditional,agricultural economy was not the solution to,their problems but the very basis of their,difficulties.,4.Its entrance to the EU has transformed,labor practice and given Ireland access to,the Single Market.,In 1990s,Ireland became a rich country for,the first time in its history.Mimicking the,boom in Asia,the media called Irelands sudden,wealth The Celtic Tiger economy.,With its accession to the EU in 1971,all of Irelands,citizens now hold EU citizenship and travel on EU,passports.They are now entitled to work,to be educated,in,and to claim the social benefits,of any other European,member state.,The EU has helped Irish economy so much,both in economy polices and social polices.,Thanks for your attention!,