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1、浅谈托福口语写作中的用词 by 徐峰立 托福口语、写作对考生都有一条要求，就是使用advanced vocabulary。到底要多advanced，其实没有一个一成不变的标准，但根据多年考试的经验，如下两条规律是一定不错的：第一，咱们初中高中学的一些基础词汇是理应避免的，尤其这些词汇很多对于现代的老外来说其实并不常用；第二，如果一个词在口语表达或者文章中出现过一次，就应该避免第二次再出现，这样就叫做用词的多样化。记得我大学期间有个耶鲁大学英国文学系毕业的外教，对我们作文的基础要求，就是作文中严禁两次使用同样的表达；比如，如果我们文章中已经出现过different这个词，第二次就不能再用di
2、fferent，而是用various, varied, dissimilar等等；他还有个Forbidden Word List，把同学们在英文中最常使用的一些初级词汇、抽象词汇列了出来，如果谁使用这些词汇就直接扣分。 显然，ETS官方对于托福考试的写作或者口语上的词汇，并没有这么苛刻的标准，但是如果我们仔细想一想，在口语或者写作表达的过程中，如果我们不停地使用同一个词，或者和周围的成千上万考生一样，都使用那些最简单的词，比如想到一个事物很好就是nice, good, fine，想到一个人很好看就是beautiful, good-looking，考官在连续看了无数用词和表达一致、大同小异的文
3、章，或者听到无数用词简单的口语回答，即将吐成习惯之后，接触到一个用词与众不同的答案，眼前一亮，第一印象会更深，也也更有可能给更高的分数。因此，无论是托福写作还是口语，差异化用词极其重要。 Here is how: 1. 使用一本叫Thesaurus的英文字典，类似于咱们的“同反义辞典”。这可是美国大学生写作文时几乎人手一册的辞典，Webster（韦氏）有出，甚至还有电子版本的。还有一个软件叫做“微软大百科全书”，其中也含有这个软件。甚至还有个三维版本的Visual Thesaurus，可以看到同义词间的关系的远近。当我们感觉到脑海中的英文辞藻匮乏的时候，可以直接去查，看有没有更高级更合适的
4、词汇。 2. 使用如下我为大家整理的一个mini forbidden word list。可以把它打印出来，贴在课桌上或者每天都能看到的地方，尽量在口语、写作表达中不使用冒号前面的这些词，而是用后面更加高级和具体的词*去替换它们。这个list只是一个参考，欢迎各位多多补充，拥有自己的list。 *注：这些词只是前面这个词的近义词，用在不同的语境中的意思有所差异，所以大家要搞清楚每个替换词具体的语境和用法再去使用。 Mini Forbidden Words List in TOEFL iBT Speaking & Writing ü Important: significan
5、t, essential, vital, key, critical, crucial ü More and more: ever-increasingly, an increasing number of, increasingly + adj. ü Good: excellent, first-rate, marvelous, unbelievable, unimaginable, outstanding, exceptional, incomparable, appealing, attractive, decent, gorgeous, quintessential, agreea
6、ble, fancy, beneficial, fabulous, fantastic, fantabulous, enchanting, mesmerizing, splendid, engaging, absorbing, phenomenal ü Bad: horrible, scary, lousy, indecent, awful, terrible, choppy, troublesome, awkward, detrimental ü Poor: impoverished, poverty-striken, weak, inadequate, feeble, meager,
7、inferior, scanty, deficient, mediocre, weather-beaten ü So: therefore, consequently, hence, as a result ü But: however, surprisingly ü Way: method, approach, ü A lot of: a dozen, dozens of, a bunch of, a group of, a plethora of, a platoon of, a band of, a school of, a truckload of, a load of, a
8、 variety of, a large number of ü Beautiful: gorgeous, graceful, elegant, handsome, striking, good-looking ü Big: large, enormous, giant, immense, vast, gigantic, huge, whopping (informal), full-sized, life-sized, humongous ü Small: tiny, petite, minute, miniature, undersized ü Think: believe, re
9、ckon, postulate, speculate, conceive ü Make: --ify, --ize, eg. make sb. relaxed- relax sb.; make sb. beautiful- beautify sb.; make sth. vivid- vivify sth.; make sb. do sth. …- enable sb. do sth., generate 傻词同义替换 新版 ——坚决不用高频出现的傻词！供大家收藏及写作时参考！ 连词篇：（介词，副词） Firstly: previously, beforehand,
10、foremost, initially, originally, formerly, principally, mainly, essentially, basically, generally, commonly, universally, on the whole, fundamentally, to begin with, to start with, first of all, at the outset… Then: subsequently, afterward, thereafter, after that, succeeding (adj.), secondarily,
11、 what is more, furthermore (further more)… Lastly: ultimately, eventually, in conclusion, to conclude, as a final point, last of all, last but not least, finally… Too: as well (句末), in addition, besides, moreover, additionally, to boot, excessively, also… And: plus, as well as, along wit
12、h, in addition, bonus, with… +Or: otherwise, if not, before, or else… So (adv): therefore, thus, consequently, accordingly, as a result, for that reason, hence, that’s why Because: as, due to, since, as to, in that, for the reason that, for, now that… But: however, moreover, nevertheles
13、s, nonetheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, 让步although, even thought, though, even if, while, as, despite the fact that… Only: just, merely, barely, singly, solely, rarely… Without: excluding, Very: extremely, acutely, decidedly, deeply, exceedingly, greatly, highly, uncommonly,
14、profoundly, unusually… Actually: as a matter of fact, indeed, in fact, in point of fact, in reality, in truth, literally, truly … 形容词/副词 Important: essential, significant, vital, crucial, profound, play a pushing role,indispensable, requisite, critical, fundamental, primary, elementary, un
15、derlying, rudimentary, basically, necessary… -附加-傻句替换：I think that A is more important than B. (这是经典大傻句！以下句中的'important'可随意替换同义词） 1. A is important to B. 2. A plays an/a important role to B. 3. A is of (great\enormous\significant\awesome) to B. 4. B can not (live\developed\grow\survive\a
16、chieve) without A. 5. A means (a lot\a great deal\much) to B. 6. The importance of A (to B) can never be (exaggerated\denied\ignored\doubted). 7. A is everything/the whole world to B. 8. B is fundamental on A. 9. A matters/counts to B. 10. Nothing is more crucial to B than A. 11. A is
17、to B what the (foundation is to a skyscraper\water is to fish\the heart is to a human) Big: gigantic, massive, colossal, enormous, immense, gargantuan, tremendous, titanic, giant, vast, large, huge, monster, bulky, ->many: numerous, myriad, infinite, ->forever (adv): infinity, eternal, timel
18、ess, everlasting，undying, endless, changeless, perpetually… Small: minimum, diminutive, minute, petite, wee, undersized, teeny, tiny, little, petite（女子身高娇小） Good: marvelous, fabulous, gorgeous, spectacular, outstanding, distinguished, remarkable, superb, incredible, unbelievable, out of this
19、 world, magnificent, charming, stunning, fantastic, terrific, excellent, great, wonderful, amazing, awesome Bad: awful, terrible, dreadful, defective, faulty, imperfect, inadequate, poor, substandard, unsatisfactory, harmful, damaging, deleterious, detrimental, hurtful, ruinous, unhealthy, evil,
20、 immoral… Clever: brilliant, knowledgeable, intellectual, intelligent, excellent, bright, smart Happy: delightful, delectable, elated, glad, overjoyed, pleased, jubilant, merry, joyful, Beautiful: charming, charismatic, attractive, gorgeous, pretty, endearing, sweet, adorable, eye-catchi
21、ng, handsome, hot, cute, good-looking, lovable, engaging… Fast：swift, quick, rapid, speedy, hasty, nippy, like lightning, +hurry (v): hustle, rush, make haste, tear, step on it, dash, get a move on, step on it, scoot. Easy: simple, effortless, no trouble, painless, plain sailing, unc
22、omplicated, undemanding, unproblematic, a piece of cake (informal), child’s play (informal),… Clear: obvious, apparent, blatant, comprehensible, conspicuous, distinct, evident, manifest, palpable, plain, pronounced, recognizable, transparent, intelligible, lucid, plain, understandable, uninvolve
23、d, simple, … Direct: bald, basic, frank, naked, plain, sincere, stark, straightforward, candid, forthright, outspoken…. Difficult: hard, tricky, complicated, complex, intricate, involved, knotty, perplexing, puzzling, thorny… Angry: annoyed, cross, displeased, enraged, exasperated, incen
24、sed, infuriated, irate, mad (informal), livid (informal), berserk, outraged, resentful... Dangerous: perilous, breakneck, chancy (informal), hazardous, insecure, precarious, risky, unsafe, vulnerable 动词 Think (that): hold the (opinion/ belief/ position/stand point/idea) that, assume, believ
25、e, deem, reckon, argue, maintain, suppose, conceive, insist, be convinced, to my knowledge, personally, from my personal perspective, as far as I am concerned, from my point of view, from my angle, consider, conceive, perspective... Show: convey, reveal, express, corroborate, justify, imply, ver
26、ify, clarify, signify, exemplify, illuminate, substantiate, demonstrate, elucidate, denote, characterized as, instruct, display, disclose, indicate, means, explain, give an/a example (reason, explanation) of, bear out, point out, point toward… Know: realize, comprehend, identify, distinguish, di
27、scern, notice, perceive, recognize, see, understand, figure out, be acquainted with, be familiar with, Get: acquire, attain, acquire, achieve, obtain, gain “学习” 不用learn Suggest: have a proposal in, Increase: magnify, expand, proliferate, mushroom, improve, enhance, advance… Impress:
28、affect, inspire, engrave on, imprint of, Influence: impact, affect, guide, sway, Stop: halt, cease, conclude, desist, end, pause, put an end to, quit, refrain, shut down, terminate… Make: create, assemble, built, construct, form, manufacture; fore, cause, compel, constrain, drive, impel,
29、 induce, oblige, prevail, upon, require… Give: present, award, contribute, deliver, donate, grant, hand over, hand out, provide, supply Break：separate, burst, crack, destroy, disintegrate, fracture, fragment, shatter, smash, snap Destroy: ruin, raze, annihilate, crush, demolish, devastat
30、e, eradicate, shatter, wipe out, wreck, obliterate, weaken, undermine… Happen: occur, come about, come to pass, develop, result, take place, transpire 名词 Problem: issue, question, case, trouble, difficulty, dilemma. Meeting: conference, discussion, assembly, conclave, congress, conventi
31、on, gathering session, assignation, encounter, confrontation, argument, controversy… Study: learning, application, lessons, reading, research, school work, examination, analysis, consideration, contemplation, inspection, investigation, knowledge,scholarship… Advantage: benefit, dominance, precedence, profit, superiority, merit… Disadvantage: shortcoming, weakness, inconvenience, drawback, deficiency, flaw, handicap (also v. 妨碍), downside, limitation. Life: existence, conduct, life style, way of life
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