新东方语法讲义.doc

非真实条件从句
三种基本形态
混合时间虚拟句
倒装虚拟句
含蓄虚拟句
跳层虚拟句

三种基本形态：
表示虚拟的时间
IF从句的谓语形式
主句谓语形式
现在
did or were
would (should, might, could) + do
过去
had done or had been
would( should, might, could) + have done (been)
将来
were to (should) + do
would (should, might, could) + do
例句：
1. If I had enough money, I would run a company of my own.
仿句：
1. If I ___ rearrange the alphabet, I ___ put U and I together.
2. I have often thought it ___ __ a blessing if each human being ___ stricken blind and deaf for a few days at some time during his early adult life. Darkness ___ make him more appreciative of sight; silence ___ teach him the joys of sound.
3. If I ___ the president of a university I ___ establish a compulsory course in “How to Use Your Eyes”. The professor ___ try to show his pupils how they could add joy to their lives by really seeing what passes unnoticed before them.
如果我是一名大学校长的话，我会开设一门“如何用眼”的必修课。教授应该让学生们知道因为他们能够真正看到眼前所发生的一切，这给他们的生活增添了多大的乐趣啊。
例句
1. You would have missed the train if you had not hurried.
仿句：
1. If you ___ ___ Wealth or Success, the other two of us ___ ___ ___ out, but since you invited Love, wherever he goes, we go with him. Wherever there is Love, there is also Wealth and Success.
你刚才若是邀请了“财富”或是“成功”两人，那我们其他两人就会留在外面。但是既然你已经邀请了“爱”，那么他去哪儿，我们也跟着去哪儿，因为只要有爱，就会有财富和成功。
2. 如果早点给这些花浇水，他们就会在花园中盛开了。
3. It would have been just as satisfactory if I ___ at home. I learned nothing in class.
A: had stayed
B: stayed
C: was staying
D: would stay
例句：
1 If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.
仿写：
1. 如果他来了，你怎样告诉他这件事情？
2. Sometimes I have thought it would be an excellent rule to live each day as if we should die tomorrow. Such an attitude would emphasize sharply the values of life.
混合时间虚拟句：
前面介绍的三种基本形态的虚拟语气，其if 从句中谓语动词表示的动作和主句谓语动词表示的动作发生的时间是一致的，即同是现在，过去和将来。
可是当二者动作发生的时间不一致时，要根据实际情况作适当的调整。
常见的混合时间是：从句表示过去，主句表示现在。
1. 如果他们早先在股市投资的话，他们现在就很富裕了。
If they had invited in that stock, ______________________
2. 如果我以前在学校学习英语的话，我现在就可以看英文小说了。
3. 听力原文：
W: what an accident! If you had been careful, things would not be as they are.
M: what do you mean, it was my fault? If it were, surely I would take all responsibility for it.
倒装虚拟句：
当if条件句中有助动词should, had 或 were 时，可以省去if, 而将should, had 或were 置于句首，从而构成倒装虚拟句，意义不变。
1. If he had not been promoted, he would never have remained with the company.
2. If I should win the lottery, I would buy a car.
3. If you should change your mind, no one would blame you.
4. ___ to the doctor right away, he might be alive today.
A: if he went
B: had he gone
C: were he gone
D: should he have gone
5.____ before we depart the day after tomorrow, we should have a wonderful dinner party.
A: Had they arrived
B: Were they arriving
C: Would they arrive
D: Were they to arrive
含蓄虚拟句：
前面出现的虚拟句，都含有虚拟的条件句。含蓄虚拟句是指没有完整的条件从句，但是在上下文隐含了虚拟条件的意味。
1） 介词或介词短语
1. 当时若没有你，我会咋办呢？
2. Before liberation, such floods would have caused terrible disaster.
3. But for their help, I would not have finished the task.
If it had not been for their help, I would not have finished the task.
4. Without your help, we ___ so much.
A: will not achieve
B: don’t achieve
C: didn’t achieve
D: would not have achieved
2）分词短语
1. Given more time, I would have been able to finish the test.
2. The same thing, happening in wartime, would amount to disaster.
3) 通过上下文来判断
A: have you done anything online that you wouldn’t have done in person?
B: yes, obviously people are bolder and more outgoing on the Internet when they don’t have to deal with the consequences of their actions.
跳层虚拟句：
这类句子一般分成两部分，两部分在语气上截然相反，一部分虚拟，另一部分不虚拟，用的是陈述语气，用来陈述一个事实。他们之间有but, or, or else, otherwise来连接。
He would put on weight, but he ____ eat much.
In other words, If he ate much, he would put on weight.
▲ I would have gone to visit him in the hospital, but I ___ fully occupied the whole of last week.
A: were
B: had been
C: have been
D: was
▲ some women ___ a good salary in a job instead of staying home, but they decided not to work for the sake fo the family.
A: must make
B: should have made
C: would make
D: could have made
从上面我们可以总结：
⊙　___+____ __, but＋__＋________
→→→表示对现在的虚拟。
⊙　___＋__ __ __, but +___+___________
→→→表示对过去的虚拟。
★ 陈述句+or else + 虚拟句
主语+一般现在时谓语形式，or +主语+would do
→→→表示对____的虚拟。
主语+一般过去时谓语形式，or+主语+would have done
→→→表示对____的虚拟。
We didn’t know his telephone number, otherwise we ___ him.
A: would have telephoned
B: must have telephoned
C: would telephoned
D: had telephoned
名词从句虚拟句
名词从句中要含有特定的“标志词”，这些标志词可用来指愿望、建议、命令、请求等。
名词性虚拟句位于变化形式只有一条规律，那就是：名词从句虚拟句无论主句的动词是什么形式，从句谓语形式都是：_________________
例句:
I suggest that we ____ __ tomorrow.
I suggested that we ____ __ the next day.
▲ 在下列句的宾语从句中，从句用(should) + do
Ask(要求)，advise, beg, command, demand, decide, deserve, desire, insist, order, recommend, request, suggest,等。
The Chinese government and people have demanded that the US government shoulder all the responsibilities for the incident, apologize to the Chinese side and take effective measures to prevent the recurrence of such incidents.

The instructions ask that we ___ more than three once.
A: not to take
B: not take
C: won’t take
D: wouldn’t take

其它虚拟形式：
1. 在wish 后的宾语从句中
1) 对现在表示的愿望，从句谓语动词用过去时。

2) 对过去发生的事情表示遗憾，后悔。从句谓语动词用过去完成时（had done）或would\could +现在完成时，指从句谓语动词表示的动作发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之前。

I wish I ___ with you to the concert last night
A: could have gone
B: went
C: could go
D: have gone
3）对将来发生的事情表示祝愿，从句谓语动词用would\could+动词原形，指从句谓语动词表示的动作可能发生在主句谓语所表示的动作之后。

2. 在if only 感叹句中
用法和wish 基本相同，只是感情色彩更加的浓厚。
翻译成“但愿”“要是…就好了”

Look at the terrible situation I am in! if only I ___ your advice.
A: follow
B: had followed
C: would follow
D: have followed
3. 在as if\ as though中
1 表示和现在事实相反或对现在情况有怀疑，谓语用过去时。

注意：
如果从句中的情景是根据现在迹象做出的推测，有可能发生，则用陈述语气。

状语从句

状语从句共分几种？
状从句的本质是什么？请写出例句！
点：状语从句的省略★ ★ ★
when (you are) in trouble, ask her for help.
金具有热胀冷缩的特性。
试：请做出省略~
When he was waiting, he took out a magazine to read.
When I was ten years old, my family moved to the city.

状语从句之一：
一般现在时表示将来
当他来的时候我会告诉他。
当他回来时，我会告诉他。
小重点：when
Jasmine was holidaying with her family in a wildlife park ___ she was bitten on the leg by a lion.
A: when
B: while
C: since
D: once
The doorbell rang when I was telephoning.
How can you expect to learn anything ___ you never listen?
A: in case
B: even if
C: unless
D: when
无论何时说“我爱你”，请诚心诚意。无论何时说“对不起”，请看着对方的眼睛。
小重点：while
I was walking along the road ___ suddenly someone patted me on the shoulder from behind.
A: immediately
B: when
C: the moment
D: while
till 和until （重点）
一直走到白宫为止。
我们一直等到布什回来后才讨论问题。
A good storyteller must be able to hold his listeners’ curiosity ___ he reaches the end of the story.
A: when B: unless
C: after D: until
They ___ the train until it disappeared in the distance.
A: saw B: watched
C: noticed D: observed

小注意：
主句倒装 从句不倒装
强调句不倒装
小重点：“一…就…”
雨一停，我们就动身走。
我刚到家，天就开始下起雨了。
小重点：by the time
关键词：Hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than
小重点：since
现在完成时的主句+since引导的一般过去时态的时间状语从句。
They ___ friends since they met in Shanghai. (89)
A: have made
B: have become
C: have been
D: have turned
It be +表示一段时间的词汇+since引导的时间状语从句。
--what was the party like?
--wonderful. It’s years ___ I enjoyed myself so much.
A: after B: before
C: when D: since
状语从句之二 地点状语从句
小重点1：where
呆在原处别动。
在有学校的地方，司机应该缓行。
小重点2：wherever, anywhere, everywhere
无论在什么地方，范德彪总是无拘无束。
他们在哪里都受到热烈欢迎。
小重点：
只要有爱，就会有成功和财富。
当你感到痛苦时，祝福你能保持内心平静。
状语从句之三 原因状语从句
小重点1：because
小重点2：since, as
表示已知的事实，不用强调，翻译成“既然…”
小重点3：for
The days are short, for it is now December.
小重点：用介词表示因果！
+从句
+名词
放句首

小重点：其他复合连词
Seeing that it’s raining hard, we will have to stay here for the night.
The girl is like her mother in that she also has very delicate feeling.
状语从句之四 目的状语从句
常用引导词：
小重点2：强调目的
小重点3：目的状语从句的简化
In order for +sb.+ to do sth.
In order to/so as to +do
其他引导词
Lest, for fear that, in case 以免，以防
状语从句之六 结果状语从句
小重点1：常用引导词
小重点2：such=so+形容词
His anger was such that he lost control of himself.
The performance was such ___ the audience was deeply moved.
A: as
B: that
C: so
D: so that
小重点3：从句的简化
He was such a fool as to believe him.
小重点4：从句的倒装
Light travels so fast that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
so & such
so + adj./adv.
so + adj. +a(n) +单数可数名词
限定词+such+名词
状语从句之六 条件状语从句
小重点1：重用引导词 if unless
表“条件”
他一定会来，除非他有急事。
小重点：其他引导词
So long as you work hard enough, an iron rod can be ground into a needle.
he will surely finish the job on time ___ he’s left to do it in his own way.
A: in that
B: in case
C: as far as
D: so long as
祈使句/省略句+and…=if从句+主句
Spare the rod and spoil the child.
祈使句/省略句+or/or else=unless从句+主句
Give it back to me or I’ll tell your parents.
状语从句之七 让步状语从句
常用引导词：
小重点1：
介词表示让步：
__________________是连词，后面只接从句。
____________________________是介词，后面只接名词（短语）。
小练习：
Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.
Although it was dangerous,…
Though the weather was bad,…
While “尽管” 放句首，表示同意
No matter wh-
As引导的倒装句
As引导的倒装句
小测试：
____, she often behaves like a child.
A: as old is she
B: as old she is
C: old as is she
D: old as she is
as/so+形容词+as+主谓结构
尽管约翰不愿意，但他今晚还是要呆在家里学习。
状语从句之七 比较状语从句
As+形容词或副词+as
As+形容词+a(n)+可数名词单数+as
请判断than ？
The weather of the South is wetter than the North.
The weather of the South is wetter than that of the North.
倍数比较：
than+比较级（从），that+比较级(主) 先译从句，后译主句
Just as…, so…表示类比
食物滋养身体，书本丰富心灵。
大智者聊聊无语，即能达意；寡智者口若悬河，仍言之无物。
Not A so much as B/not so much A as B
人生的意义不在于你目前身在何方，而在于你心向何方。

定语从句
经典句型（我们的目标！）
Andy Lau, who is a super star in Hong Kong, is a man of generous which is adored by Mark whose nattiness（帅） is so famous in New Oriental where there are so many teachers who have a large number of friends forbidden to go to shopping mall in which they can buy whatever they like, which we all understand.
请试着翻译：
我不喜欢美女！
我不喜欢从来不守时的人。
我不喜欢从不守信用的人。
先行词和关系词：
先行词可以是什么？
请正确找出先行词。
There is a very interesting remark in a book by an American writer that I read recently.
I don’t suppose anything happens that he doesn’t foresee
He needs a long spoon ___ sups with the devil.
A: who
B: which
C: as
D: when
The world is a book, and those read only a page ___ do not travel.
A: which
B: who
C: what
D: whom
定语从句
非限定性定语从句
小翻译：
He has a daughter who works in a hospital.
He has a daughter, who works in a hospital.
The food which wasn’t in the fridge all went off.
The food, which wasn’t in the fridge, all went off.
小笑话：
我不要穿那些使我显得与众不同的衣服。

我不要穿衣服，穿上衣服会使我显得与众不同。

翻译小练习：
人们急于找工作，什么工作都行，只要能养家糊口。

那位百万富翁又建了一所房子，尽管他并不需要。

That引导定语从句和同位语从句的区别
1. 是否做成分。

实战练习：
★ that

that 做主语
与智者行即得其智
我喜欢那种在困难中微笑，从忧伤中获得力量，通过反思变得勇敢的人。
That做宾语，that可省去
不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。
不要听到什么就信什么。
只能用that 引导的。
1.
发光的未必都是金子。
2.
3.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
4.
5.
★ which
做题秘诀：

Which做主语，先行词是物。
友谊之树要常浇水。
思考是打开世界门户的钥匙。
Which做宾语，which可省去
己所不欲，勿施于人。
Which 引导非限定性定语从句
我不能给你成功的公式，但我能给你失败的公式，就是试图讨好每个人。
做题步骤

1. You can find whatever you need at the shopping centre, ___ is always busy at the weekend.
06 上海春
A: that B: where
C: what D: which
2. York, ___ last year, is a nice old city. 03北京
A: that I visited B: which I visited
C: where I visited D: in which I visited
3. His movie won several awards at the film festival, ___ was beyond his wildest dream.(07 上海）
A: which B: that
C: where D: it
4. Chan’s restaurant on Baker Street, ___ used to be poorly run, is now a successful business.
A: that B: which
C: who D: where
5. Jim passed the driving test, ___ surprised everybody in the office. 05 浙江
A: which B: that
C: this D: it
6. We will never forget the days ___ we spent together in the countryside.
★When or which ★
7. That is the reason ____ he gave us for his action.
★Why or which ★
间接宾语和和直接宾语

什么时候只用which不用that呢？
★ Who

who做主语，先行词是人。
少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
知足常乐。
不犯错误的人一事无成。

小练习：
1. Women ___ drink more than two cups of coffee a day have a greater chance of having heart disease than those___ don’t. （06北京）
A: who;__ B: __;who
C: who; who D: __;__
2. The famous basketball star, ___ tried to make a comeback, attracted a lot of attention. 02 北京
A: where B: when
C: which D: who
whom 做宾语，先行词是人，可省

有独创性的作家不是不模仿别人，而是谁也模仿不了他。
★ Whose
Whose 作定语，先行词是人或物
这儿有叫T-Bag的人吗？
刹车坏了的自行车现在已经被修好了。
批评家的手表比别人的快五分钟。

George Orwell, ___ was Eric Arthur, wrote many political novels and essays. 04北京
A: the real name B: what his real name
C: his real name D: whose real name
Look out! Don’t get too close to the house ___ roof is under repair.
A: whose B: which
C: of which D: what
Have you seen the film Titanic, ___ leading actor is world-famous?
A: its B: it’s
C: whose D: which
★ When
我仍然记得第一次见到SHE的那一天。
下个月即将来临，届时你们将在家乡度暑假。
春天是青年人梦想未来和老年人缅怀过去的季节。
That unforgettable ball game was the last happy moment ___ I enjoyed myself.
A: when B: that
C: which D: where
--Did you remember the days ___ we worked on the farm?
--Certainly, especially the hard times ___ we spent together.
A: which; when B: when; which
C: when; when D: which; which
We are living in an age ___ many things are done on computer. 03 北京
A: which B: that
C: whose D: when
The film brought the hours back to me ___ I was taken good care of in that far-away village.
A: until B: that
C: when D: where
It was an exciting moment for these football fans this year, ___ for the first time in years their team won the world cup. 00北京
A: that B: while
C: which D: when
★ Where

这就是他工作过的办公室。
他要到厦门去上大学，在那里他有几个朋友。
Where先行词是地点，在句中做状语
只有在字典里，“成功”才会出现在“工作”之前。
起点就是你知道在那里能成功的地方。
Some pre-school children go to a day care center, ___ they learn simple games and songs. 07全国
A: then B: there
C: while D: where
After graduation she reached a point in her career ___ she needs to decide what to do
A: that B: what
C: which D: where
If a shop has chairs ___ women can park their men, women will spend more time in the shop.
A: that B: which
C: when D: where
I walked in our garden, ___ Tom and Jim were trying a big sign onto one of the trees.
A: which B: when
C: where D: that

★ Why
那就是我不想去的原因。
他没有告诉我他为什么那么心烦意乱。
现在觉得生活是那么丑恶，是因为过去把它想象的太美好了。
★ 关系副词=介词+ which/ whom
我将永远不会忘记我在北大学习的那些岁月。
见到这位著名歌星的那天是我一生中最重要的日子。
介词+关系代词
失败是一所学校，真理总在那里成长壮大。
勇气是一架梯子，其他美德全靠它爬上去。
谁也不要担忧的日子有两天，就是昨天和明天。
舞蹈是唯一以我们自己做材料的艺术。
越难回答的问题答案越明显。
金钱是深不可测的海洋，能淹没廉耻、良心和是非感。
I was given three b