语言学知识要点概略(题型).doc

Assessment

1. Regular attendance is required (5%).
2. One short mid-term paper (30%)
3. Performance in the final exam (50%).
4. Classroom discussions / presentations (15%).

Main points for review:
I. Terms:
A: translations from English to Chinese
Fricative
approximant
bilabial
labiodental
glottal
free morpheme
suprasegmental
morpheme
inflection
derivation
sememe
nasal cavity
larynx
vocal folds
voiced
voiceless
acoustic phonetics
parole
active zones
co-hyponym
Meronymy
Acoustic phonetics
Articulatory phonetics
The International Phonetic Alphabet
Alveolar
Epenthesis
perseverative coarticulation
Complementary distribution

B. translations from Chinese to English

音位
音位变体
横组合关系
直接成分
离心结构
并列结构
一致关系
衔接
连贯
主位意义
递归性
上下义关系
语义成分分析
命题
言外之意
同化现象
娱乐功能
元语言
组构原则
谓词逻辑
激活区
互补反义关系
声门音
爆破音
逆化性协同发音
送气
鼻音化

C．Briefly define the following terms
Linguistics
Pragmatics
Competence and performance
Emotive function
Synchronic and diachronic study
Descriptive and prescriptive
performatives
propositional logic
syllogism
allophone
Allomorph
IC analysis
Component analysis
Sense
The Semantic triangle
Speech act
Implicature
Duality
Arbitrariness
Displacement
Convention
Iconicity
The bow-wow theory
the divine gift theory
The pooh-pooh theory
The yo-he-ho theory
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Anthropological linguistics
Computational linguistics
Langue and Parole
Vowel
Consonant
Epenthesis
perseverative coarticulation
“Minimal pairs” test
Free variation
Assimilation
Phonological Rules

II. Judge whether each of the following statements is true or false. Put a T for true or F for false in the brackets in front of each statement

( ) 1. Learning/teaching a language is also learning /teaching a culture.
( ) 2. Modern linguistics is mostly prescriptive, but sometimes descriptive.
( ) 3. A basic way to determine the phonemes of a language is to see if substituting one sound for another results in a change of meaning.
( ) 4. Culture refers to the entire way of life of a human society.
( ) 6. Conceptual meaning is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.
( ) 7. The meaning of a sentence is simply the sum total of the meanings of its components words.
( ) 8. According to Chomsky, one feature of the child language is Self-regularization.
( ) 9. An utterance is an abstract unit of the language system.
( ) 10. Language is the carrier and container of cultural information, and thus culture is part of language.
( ) 11. The langue-parole distinction was propsed by Chomsky, an American linguists.
( ) 12. A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance.
( ) 13. UG grammar was proposed by Halliday, a famous linguist in Australia.
( ) 14. First language acquisition is a process better described as “growth” than “learning”..
( ) 15. Speech acts are the basic or minimal units of linguistic communication.
( ) 16. Function words are used to refer to substance, action and quality..
( ) 17. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
( ) 18. All sentences can be used to do things, according to Austin.
( ) 19. The metalingual function of language means that the human language can be used to talk about itself
( ) 20. “The old man sat in the chair” is an endocentric construction.
( ) 21. Conceptual meaning refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content.
( ) 22. Syllogism is a kind of logical argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two premises.
( ) 23. L1 acquisition is a process better described as “learning” rather than “growth”
( ) 24. Pragmatic meaning is the more constant, inherent side of meaning.
( ) 25. According to Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, culture determines our thinking patterns.
( ) 26. There is a critical period for the first language acquisition.
( ) 27. The principle of compositionality shows that sentence meaning is determined by the meaning of component words and the syntactic rules.
( ) 28. Illocutionary force is speaker’s meaning
( ) 29. The langue-parole distinction was proposed by Jakobsom, the founding father of modern linguist.
( ) 30. Culture is part of language because language is the carrier of cultural information.
( ) 31. Language is both conventional and arbitrary.
( ) 34. A stem is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added.
( ) 35. “Much better” is an exocentric construction
( ) 36. Conceptual meaning is concerned with the relation between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to.
( ) 37. The meaning of a sentence is simply the sum total of the meanings of its components words.
( ) 38. According to Chomsky, one feature of the child language is Self-regularization.
( ) 39. An utterance is an abstract unit of the language system.
( ) 40. Language is the carrier and container of cultural information, and thus culture is part of language.
( ) 41. The langue-parole distinction was propsed by Chomsky, an American linguists.
( ) 42. A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic performance.
( ) 43. UG grammar was proposed by Halliday, a famous linguist in Australia.
( ) 44. Presupposition can pass the negation test while entailment cannot.
( ) 45. There is a critical period for the first language acquisition.
( ) 46. The metalingual function of language means that the human language can be used to talk about itself.
( ) 47. A diachronic study of language is the description of language at some point in time.
( ) 48. Articulatory phonetics tries to describe the physical properties of the stream of sounds.
( ) 49. Function words are used to refer to substance, action and quality.
( ) 50. “The old man sat in the chair” is an endocentric construction.
( ) 51. Conceptual meaning refers to logical, cognitive or denotative content.
( ) 52. Propositional logic studies how the truth value of a single proposition is determined
( ) 53. L1 acquistion is a process better described as “learning” rather than “growth”
( ) 54. Pragmatic meaning is the more constant, inherent side of meaning.
( ) 55. According to Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, culture determines our thinking patterns.
( ) 56. There is a critical period for the first language acquisition.
( ) 57. The principle of compositionality shows that sentence meaning is determined by the meaning of component words and the syntactic rules.
( ) 58. Presupposition can pass the negation test while entailment cannot.
( ) 59. The langue-parole distinction was proposed by Jakobsom, the founding father of modern linguist.
( ) 60. Speech and writing are two media for language.
( ) 61. Writing is prior to speech, and so writing is more basic than speech.
( ) 62. phonetics is the study of sound patterms
( ) 63. [i:] is a lax vowel, while [i] is a tense vowel.
( ) 64. [u] is high back tense rounded vowel.
( ) 65. According to the manner of articulation, some of the types into which the consonants can be classified are stops, fricatives, bilabial and alveolar.
( ) 66. The underlying logic of “All teachers are female.” is “For all x’s, if x is a teacher, x is female.”

III. Fill in each blank with a proper word/phrase
1. Language is a system of arbitrary vocal _____ used for human communication

2. The feature that implicature is attached to the semantic content of what is said, not to the linguistic form is called____________________________.

3. They are the _________ properties of human language that tell the difference between human language and any system of animal communication.

4. Morris distinguishes three branches of inquiry, one of which is _______________, the study of “the relations of signs to interpreters”.

5. __________________are utterances which are used to perform acts, do not describe or report anything at all.

6. Morphologically, the languages in the world can be classified into ______, ______, ________..

7. The two types of word formation are compound and _________.

8. Syllogism is a kind of ___________ argument in which one proposition (the conclusion) is inferred from two premises.

9. Language can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediate situations of the speaker. This feature is called_________

10. Recursiveness is used in linguistics for the formal properties of grammars which use a finite set of elements and a finite group of rules to produce an infinite number of sentences. Its basic features are _____________, conjoining and embedding

11. The nature of linguistics as a science determines its preoccupation with _________ instead of prescription.

12. A language user's underlying knowledge about the system of rules is called his linguistic _______________.

13 A ______________ study takes a fixed instant as its point of observation. Most grammars are of this kind.

14. ______________ refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community

15. self-control is an _______compound.
16. Throughout is an ________compound

17., Non-conventionality of implicature shows that implicature is different from its ________________meaning of words. It is context-dependent.

18. Smog is a ___________derivation.

19. According to Morris, ______________is the study of “the relations of signs to the objects to which the signs are applicable”

20. We view a scene in terms of our situatedness, thus presenting a particular ______________.

21. As for “Beseech: besought → beseeched”, beseeched is ____________creation.

22. The internal structure of the word Businessman is not exocentric but______________,.

23 The study of the internal structures of simple propositions is ________________logic.

24. The internal structure of a simple proposition is ____________and predicate.

25. Recursiveness is used in linguistics for the formal properties of grammars which use a finite set of elements and a finite group of rules to produce an infinite number of sentences. Its basic features are _____________, conjoining and embedding

26. Austin later thinks that any utterance can simultaneously perform the following three acts: locutionary act, ______________________act, perlocutionary act.

27. If a word is derived from nonscientific speculation or false analogy with another word, often based on their syllabic structure, it has a _________etymology.

28. _______________phonetics studies speech production by the speech organs.

29. The mismach of output and input of language data of a child who is learning a language is the logic problem of L1 ___________________

30.______________________ linguistics is the study of a language through the course of its history.

31. _________________ function is concerned with interaction between the addresser and addressee in the discourse situation.

32. A conversational implicature can be cancelled simply by the situational _____________.

33. The four scientific features of linguistic study are ________, _________, _________, _______
34. Formal linguistics usually includes ___________, _________, ___________________
35. Language philosophy explores the relationship between _________ and ___________.
36. The three-step process of a speech sound consists of ________, ________, ___________.
37. The only one human organ that is specifically for verbal articulation is ___________
38. English consonants can be classified in terms of _______ and manner of articulation.
39. The transcription of speech sounds with letter-symbols only is called broad transcription while the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics is called _________ transcription.
40. By origin, words can be divided into _______words and _______words.
41. Land-reform is a _______loan.
42. _________is a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added.
43. Syntax is the study of how _______ are structured.
44. The major theories of syntax are ______, _________, _______, ________.
45. Functional grammar is pioneered by ___________; it explores the relation between linguistic forms and their functions.
46. Generative grammar is pioneered by __________. It regards grammar as a set of rules that recursively generate the well-formed expressions of a natural language.
47. The three syntactic relations are __________, __________, ___________.
48. The external property of “Tom runs every morning.” Is __________type.
49. If two constituents, B and C, are joined to form a hierarchically higher constituent A, then B and C are said to be ____________ of A.
50. Semantics study the meaning of words, sentences and ___________.
51. In the study of meaning, at least three things should be considered. They are culture, world and _______.
52. The idea that the meaning of a word is the thing it refers to is called the ________theory.
53. The mode of presentation, for Frege, is the ______of a word.
54. For Fege, every word has a _______ but not every word has a ________, like ‘but’, ‘to’.
55. The difference between “my sister’s husband” and “my brother-in-law” lies in _______.
56. Leech treats meaning with reference to its function in context, to show how linguistic, _____ and _________ contexts affects the meaning of language.
57. Conceptual meaning refers to logical, _____________ or denotative content.
58. The communicative value/subjective interpretation attached to its purely conceptual meaning is called ______________meaning.
59. Affective meaning has to do with the personal ________ of the speaker, including his attitude to the listener, or his attitude to something he is talking about.
60. What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of order, focus, and emphasis is called ___________meaning.
61. Converse/relational antonyms has the relation of ______________
62. Arm and body has a relation of ___________.
63. A sentence meaning is determined by _____, _______, and ________.
64. A very important property of the __________ is that it has a truth value: true or false.
65. The composite proposition “p↔q ” is _____when p and q have the same truth value.
66. The meaning of the sentence that depends on who the speaker is, who the hearer is, when and where it is used is called _________meaning.
67. Pragmatic meaning is more indeterminate, more closely related to ________ than semantic meaning
IV. Answer the following questions
1. What is the relation between cohesion and coherence?
3. To what extent is phonology related to phonetics and how do they differ?
4. Briefly discuss Jakobson’s view about six communication elements and the corresponding six functions
5. What are the four