语言学-合作原则教学提纲.pptx

Cooperative Principle,合作原则,By HLLLin,CONTENTS,目录,01,Definition of CP,02,Four Maxims,03,Violation of CP,Definition of CP,合作,原则的定义,Grice noticed that in daily conversations,people do not usually say things directly but tend to imply them.,A basic underlying assumption we make when we speak to one another is that we are trying to co-operate with one another to construct meaningful conversation.,Definition of CP,Make your conversational contribution such as is required,at the stage at which it occurs,by the accepted purpose or direction of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.,(,H.P.Grice,Logic and Conversation,1975,),Definition of CP,Four Maxims,Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,your contribution as informative as is required(for the current purposes of the exchange),Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.,Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,:,Jane,:,John,when,did you graduate from college?,John,:many years ago.,(John must know the time when he graduated from college,but he did not say it.Here,John is being under informative.),Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,say what you believe to be false.,不要说自知是虚假的话。,Do,not say that for which you lack adequate evidence,.,不要说缺乏足够证据的话。,Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,:,1,)A,:I like your shoes,Sharon.,B:,Thank you,Deb.I like yours too.,“Thank you”,是对发话人发话的答谢,也是对对方话语内容真实性的肯定。,肯定对方话语的内容是对质量准则的遵守,因为质量准则要求人们不要生成自己知道是虚假的话,如果应答语否定对方的发话内容,就等于宣布对方说假话,这将使对方十分尴尬,且使对话难以正常进行下去。,Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,sure that whatever you say is relevant to the conversation at hand.,确保,你说的任何话都与谈话主题,相关,Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,Jane:,John,lets,go to watch the movie The,Avenger 3 tonight,.,John:I have a lot of homework to do.,(Obviously,Johns response has no connection with Janes request.The lack of relevance is at the literal level,in fact,at an deep level,John does give Jane a sufficient replay.),Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,clear and,lucid,Avoid obscurity of expression.,Avoid ambiguity,Be brief,Be orderly,Four,Maxims of Cooperative principle,PPT,模板下载：,PPT,素材下载：,PPT,图表下载：,PPT,教程：,Excel,教程：,PPT,课件下载：,Open the door.,(2)Walk up to the door,put the key into the lock,turn the key clockwise twice and push.,(Compared,with the,first one,the,second one,is surely long,unusual way of giving the command.),Violation of CP,1.,by,violating quietly,(,说话人可以悄悄地、不加声张地违反一条准则,自己明明知道是不真实的话,),(,example:,to tell lies.),Note:,Grice:“quietly”violating a maxim-these violations might hamper communication but they do not lead to implicatures.,2.,by opting,out,(,说话人宣布不遵守合作原则以及有关准则,),(saying“I dont want to talk about it,”),3.,by fulfilling one at the expense another owing to a conflict of maxims,.,(,面临一种“冲突”的情况,即为了维护一条准则而不得不违反另一条准则,),4.,violate one of the principles openly,.,(,也就是说话人知道自己违反了一条准则，同时他还想让听话人知道他违反了一条准则,),Note:“openly”flouting a maxim-lead to implicatures.,THANK YOU,FOR WATCHING,