句子基本结构.doc

第一讲：英语句子的基本构成要素和五种简单的句子结构
一：句子构成要素：
英语的句子成分有8种，分别是主语；谓语；宾语；表语；定语；状语；补语和同位语。如：
I met my best friend Tom at the station yesterday
1. 主语(Subject)：主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，常位于句首。但在there be结构、疑问句（主语不是疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后。主语可由下列结构表示
1) During the 1990s, American country music has become more and more popular.（名词）
2) We often speak English in class.（代词）
3) One-third of the students in this class are girls.（数词）
4) The rich should help the poor.（名词化的形容词）
5) To swim in the river is a great pleasure.（不定式）
6) Smoking does harm to the health.（动名词）
7) When we are going to have an English test has not been decided.（主语从句）
8) It is necessary to master a foreign language.
（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）
2. 谓语(Predicate)：谓语说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。
1) 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。
He practices running every morning.
2) 复合谓语：
（1）由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成。
You may keep the book for two weeks.
He has caught a bad cold.
（2）由系动词加表语构成。
We are students.
3. 表语(Predicative)：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be(am, is, are, were, was), appear, look, seem, feel, smell, taste, sound, keep, turn, become, get, grow, come, go etc.）之后。表语一般由下列结构表示。
1) Our teacher of English is an American.（名词）
2) Is it yours?（代词）
3) The weather has turned cold.（形容词）
4) The speech is exciting.（分词）
5) Three times seven is twenty one?（数词）
6) His job is to teach English.（不定式）
7) His hobby is playing football.（动名词）
8) The machine must be out of order.（介词短语）
9) Time is up. The class is over.（副词）
10) The truth is that he has never been abroad.（表语从句）
4.宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承爱者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
宾语种类：
（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语）Lend me your dictionary.
（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补）They elected him their monitor.

1) They went to see an exhibition yesterday.（名词）
2) The heavy rain prevented me form coming to school on time.（代词
3) How many dictionaries do you have? I have five.（数词）
4) They helped the old with their housework yesterday.（名词化形容词）
5) He pretended not to see me.（不定式短语）
6) I enjoy listening to popular music.（动名词短语）
7) I think（that）he is fit for his office.（宾语从句）
8) He found it hard to solve the problem. it作形式宾语，真正的宾语为后面的不定式）
5. 宾语补足语(Object Complement)：英语中有些及物动词，除有一个直接宾语外，还要有一个宾语补语，才能使句子的意义完整。
1) His father named him Dongming.（名词）
2) They painted their boat white.（形容词）
3) Let the fresh air in.（副词）
4) You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.（不定式短语）
5) We saw her entering the room.（现在分词
6) We found everything in the lab in good order.（介词短语）
7) We will soon make our city what your city is now.（从句）
6. 定语(Attribute)：修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句称为定语。
1) Guilin is a beautiful city.（形容词）
2) China is a developing country; America is a developed country.（分词）
3) There are thirty women teachers is our school.（名词）
4) His rapid progress in English made us surprised.（代词）
5) Our monitor is always the first to enter the classroom.（不定式短语）
6) The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.（动名词）
7) He is reading an article about how to learn English.（介词短语）
8) He has a sister who works in Hong Kong. (定语从句)
7. 状语(adverbial modifier)：修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫做状语。
1) Light travels most quickly.（副词及副词性词组）
2) He has lived in the city for ten years.（介词短语）
3) He is proud to have passed the national college entrance examination.（不定式短语）
4) He is in the room making a model plane.（分词短语）
5) Once you begin, you must continue.（状语从句）
常见状语有如下9种：
1) How about meeting again at six?（时间）
2) Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.（原因）
3) I shall go there if it doesn’t rain.（条件）
4) Mr Smith lives on the third floor.（地点）
5) She put the eggs into the basket with great care.（方式）
6) She came in with a dictionary in her hand.（伴随）
7)In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.（目的）
8) He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.（结果）
9) She works very hard though she is old.（让步）
8.同位语：句子中指代同一事物的两个词、片语或子句，称同位关系。同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词 对前者加以说明的成分。同位语只有主语和宾语才有，常由名词性短语充当
Mr. Smith ,our new teacher ,is very kind to us.
Mr Wang, my child’s teacher, will be visiting us on Tuesday
The idea that you can do this work well without thinking is quite wrong
练习
指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
二: 基本句型
主语+系动词+表语（主系表）
The girl is crying
The food tastes good
主语+不及物动词+（其他成分）
The moon rose.
The universe remains
The red sun rises in the east.
She sat there alone, reading a novel
主语+及物动词+宾语（主谓宾）
Mike had finished his homework
She stopped teaching English two years ago.
Tom made a hole in the wall.
They haven’t decided where to go next.
主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语（但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for）
He brings me cookies every day
He brings cookies to me every day.
She made a beautiful dress for me
常跟双宾语的动词有需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等；
（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
主语+及物动词+宾语+宾补（说明: 此结构由“主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语”构成。宾语与宾语补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系或主表关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不够完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词等。）
The sun keeps us warm.     
 I heard him singing.
 You must get your hair cut. 
They made Tom monitor.
They have set the thief free
练习
You are a student.
He felt happy today.
What you said made me happy.
Could you give me some advice on how to learn English well?
After he finished his homework, he went away.
He likes pop music.
名言共勉
Victory won't come to me unless I go to it. 
-- 胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利
While there is life there is hope.一息若存，希望不灭
 I am a slow walker, but I never walk backwards. ( America) 我走得很慢，但是我从来不会后
Never underestimate your power to change yourself! 永远不要低估你改变自我的能力！
Progress is the activity of today and the assurance of tomorrow. 进步乃今日之努力，明日之保证。
-- 
爱默生