语法专项2——状语从句（九大状语从句详讲+配套练习）.doc

语法专项2—— 状语从句
【状语从句综述】由从句担任的状语，在句子中可修饰谓语（或其它动词）、形容词、副词或是整个句子，它可以用来表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、条件、方式、比较、让步等。
一、时间状语从句
1.表示时间的状语从句可由when, as, while, whenever, after, before, till (until), since, once, as soon as (或the moment ), by the time, no sooner … than, hardly (scarcely) … when, every time等引导。
例如：
When I came into the office, the teachers were having a meeting.
当我进入办公室时，老师们正在开会。
He started as soon as he received the news. 他已得到这个消息，就出发了。
Once you see him, you will never forget him.一旦你见了他，你就不会忘记他。
No sooner had I gone to bed than I went to sleep.我一上床就睡着了。
2.when, while, as的区别
这三个词都可以用作连接词，表示时间关系，但有所区别。
(1)when表示时间关系时，意思常常是“当(在)……的时候”。主句和从句中的动作或事情可以同时发生，也可以先后发生。例如：
When we were at school, we went to the library every day.
我们在求学的时候，每天都到图书馆去。
(2)while 用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)……的时候”，主句中的动作或事情在从句中的动作或事情的进展过程中发生。它有时可与when通用，但它只能指一段时间(a period of time)，而不能指一点时间的(a point of time)。如上面第一个例句中的when，可以用while代替；而第二个例句中的when，就不能用while代替。例如：
Please don’t talk so aloud while others are working.
别人在工作的时候，请勿大声讲话。
(3)as用作连接词表示时间关系时，意思也是“当(在)……时候”，往往可与when或while通用，但它着重指主句和从句中的动作或事情相并发生。例如：
I saw him as he was getting off the bus.当他下公共汽车的时候，我看见了他。
3.一些表示时间的名词短语也可用来引导时间状语从句
the minute, the moment, the instant, every time, the last time, every time。例如：
The first time I got to the island, I was amazed by its beauty.
我第一次到这座岛屿的时候，我就对它的美丽感到惊异。
The moment I entered the room, I smelled something usual.我一走进房间里，就觉得不对头。
Every time I visit him, he is always reading.每次当我拜访他的时候，他总是在读书。
4.directly和immediately也可作为连词，引导时间状语从句，意为“一……就……”，相当于the moment/the instant和as soon as。例如：
I knew something was wrong directly I arrived.我一到就知道出事了。
The boys did all sorts of mischief immediately my back was turned.我一转身孩子们就捣乱。
5. before 和after
before 引导的从句的动作通常发生在主句动作之后，如果从句是过去时，主句一般要用过去完成时或一般过去时。after引导的从句动作通常发生在主句动作之前，如果主句要用过去时，从句则要用过去完成时或一般过去时。例如：
The plane had taken off before he arrived at the airport.他到机场前飞机早就起飞了。
After he had lived in the south for nearly 20 years, he decided to go to seek his fortune in the north.
他在南方生活了将近二十年后，决定去北方碰碰运气。
They arrived at the cinema after the film began.电影开始之后他们到了影院。
6. no sooner...than 和hardly (scarcely)．.. when
这两个连词词组都是表示主句与从句动作随即发生，意为“一……就……”。主句动词用过去完成时。如果no sooner, hardly 或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒装。例如：
No sooner had he entered the house than it began to rain.他刚走进房间天就开始下起雨来了。
He had hardly gone to bed when the telephone rang.他刚上床电话就响了。
7. till 和until
这两个词的用法十分近似，都表示“直到……”，但在句首只能用until。在肯定句中，主句要用延续性动词；在否定句中，主句要用非延续性动词，这时until和before同义。例如：
Until they had finished the work, they did not go home.直到他们完成工作才回家。
二、原因状语从句
原因状语从句是表示原因或理由的，引导这类从句的最常用的连词是because, since, as , now that（既然）等，for 表示因果关系时（它引导的不是从句）为并列连词，语气不如because强。
例如：
He is disappointed because he didn't get the position.因为没有谋到那个职位，他很沮丧。
As it is raining, I will not go out. 因为外面下雨，我就不出去了。
Now that you mention it, I do remember. 既然你提到了那件事，我一定记住。
三、地点状语从句
引导地点状语从句的连词是where 和wherever等。例如：
Sit wherever you like.随便坐。
Make a mark where you have a question.在你有问题的地方做个标记。
四、目的状语从句
引导目的状语从句最常用的词（组）是so, so that（从句谓语常有情态动词）, in order that, in case（以防，以免）等。；例如：
Speak clearly, so that they may understand you.说的清楚些以便他们能听懂。
She has bought the book in order that she could follow the TV lessons.
他买了一本书目的是能跟上电视上的功课。
He left early in case he should miss the train.以免错过火车，他离开的很早。
五、结果状语从句
1.结果状语从句是表示事态结果的从句，通常主句是原因，从句是结果。由so that （从句谓语一般没有情态动词）, so … that, such … that等引导。 例如：
She was ill, so that she didn’t attend the meeting. 他病了，因此他没有参加会议。
He was so excited that he could not say a word. 他是如此的激动以至于说不出话来。
She is such a good teacher that everyone admires her.
她是如此好的一个老师，我们每个人都很尊敬她。
2. such… that 的常用句型
such +a/an +形容词+可数名词单数+that
such +形容词+可数名词单数+that
such+形容词+可数名词复数（不可数名词）+that
【小叮咛】so many （much, few, little） +名词，such a lot of （或lots of）+名词是惯用法，不可乱用。例如：
She is such a beautiful girl that we all like her.她是如此漂亮的一个女孩，我们大家都喜欢她。
They were such beautiful flowers that we bought home. 花是如此的美丽，我们买回了家。
It was such delicious food that they ate it up. 食物是如此美味，他们都吃光了。
3. so+形容词或副词+that / so+形容词+a/an+可数名词单数+that
He is so rich that he can buy lot of things for himself.
It was so hot a day that we all went swimming.
It was such a good day that we all went swimming.
4. so that, that都可以引导结果状语从句
He didn’t study hard, （so） that he failed the exam.
5. too…to, enough…to 可以引导结果状语从句与so…that 替换，so…that结构可以用too…to替换必须具备两个条件，一是主句和结果状语从句的主语必须一致，二是从句中的谓语部分必须含有can（could） not.
She is so young that she can’t go to school.
She is too young to go to school.
She isn’t old enough to go to school.
六、条件状语从句
1. 条件状语从句分真实性（有可能实现的事情）与非真实性（条件与事实相反或者在说话者看来不大可能实现的事情）条件句。引导条件状语从句的词（组）主要有if, unless, so (as) long as, on condition that, so (as) far as, if only ( = if )。
【小叮咛】条件从句中的if 不能用whether替换。例如：
If he is not in the office, he must be out for lunch.如果他没在办公室，那他一定出去吃午饭了。
You may borrow the book so long as you keep it clean.只要你把书保持干净，你就可以借。
So far as I know, he will be away for three months.据我所知，他将离开三个月。
You can go swimming on condition that ( = if ) you don’t go too far away from the river bank.
如果离河岸不太远，你可以游泳。
If he had come a few minutes earlier, he could have seen her.如果他早来几分钟，他就见到你了。
2.if 和unless的用法区别
if 表示正面的条件，意为“如果”，unless表示反向的条件，意为“除非，如果不”。例如：
If you’ve got exams tomorrow, why aren’t you studying？如果你明天有考试，你为什么不学习？
The sports meet will begin tomorrow unless it rains.运动会明天将要开始，除非下雨。
【小叮咛】条件状语从句中常用一般时表示将要发生的动作。
3.providing, provided (that), supposing, suppose (that), as long as, so long as, on condition that 和in case这些连词(词组)意思相近，有“如果，只要，假如，假使，在……条件下”等意思。例如：
All living things respire as long as they live.所有的生物只要他们活着都要呼吸。
Supposing (that) you fail a second time, don’t get disappointed, but try again.
假如你又一次失败了，不要泄气，再试一次。
On condition that the liquid is cooled still further, it will turn to a solid.
如果液体进一步冷却的话，会变成固体。
4. only if和if only的用法区别
only if 引导的从句用陈述语气，意为“只要”； if only引导的从句要用虚拟语气，意为“但愿……”，“要是……就好了”。例如：
only if you have persistence, can you achieve great success.
惟有你坚持下去，你才能成功。
If only I had wings, I would be able to travel around the world easily.
如果我有翅膀，我就能够轻松地环游地球了。
七、让步状语从句
让步状语从句可由although, though, as, even if (though), however, whatever, whether … or, no matter who (when, what, …) 等引导。例如：
Whatever ( = No matter what ) you say, I’ll never change my mind.无论你说什么，我不会改变主意。
Although/Though she works very hard，(yet) she makes very slow progress.
尽管她学习很努力，但还是进步不快。
Whenever I’m unhappy(＝No matter when I’m unhappy)，it is my friend who cheers me up.
不管什么时候我不高兴，总是我的朋友给我鼓励。
【小叮咛】
1. as引导的让步状语从句一般是倒装的。例如：
Though he is a child, he knows a lot.尽管他是个孩子，但是他知道的很多。
= Child as he is, he knows a lot.
2.as引导的让步状语从句的常见的几种倒装方式
(1)如果从句的谓语部分为“不及物动词＋副词”时，常将从句中的副词提到从句的句首。
Hard as you may try，you will not succeed.
尽管你努力了，你可能不会成功。
(2)如果从句的谓语部分为“情态动词＋不及物动词”，常将这个不及物动词提到从句的句首。
Wait as you may，he will not see you.
尽管你等了，他可能不会见你。
(3)如果从句的谓语部分是“系动词＋单数名词”，则常将这个作表语的名词提前，但这个名词前面的不定冠词要省略。
Child as he is，he can tell right from wrong.
尽管他还是个孩子，他能明辨是非。
八、方式状语从句
1.方式状语从句常由as, as if (though), the way, rather than等引导。例如：
You must do the exercise as I show you.你必须依照我的动作作为示范来锻炼。
He acted as if nothing had happened.他表现的好像什么也没发生一样。
2.as 和just as用法区别
二者都表示“如……；犹如……，正如……”。just as 比as强调的语气更强。例如：
In the early days, people could not count as we do now.
在早期日子中，人们不和我们现在一样能计数。
Most plants need sunlight just as they need water.
大部植物像它们需要水一样，也需要阳光。
3.as if 和as though的用法
as if 或as though从句可以用陈述语气，表示可能符合事实的情况；也可以用虚拟语气，表示不符合事实或与事实相反的情况，意为“好像，仿佛”。例如：
It looks as though it is going to rain.天看起来要下雨。
He spoke as if he were a philosopher.
他说话就像是一位哲学家。(从句动词与主语谓语同时发生，从句谓语要用一般过去时)
He speaks as if he had been to the moon.
他谈起话来就好像是去过月球。(从句动作发生在主句谓语之前，从句谓语要用过去完成时)
He speaks as if he would fly to the moon.
他谈起话来就好像是要飞往月球。(从句动词发生在主句谓语之后，从句谓语要用would/could/might＋do)
九、比较状语从句
比较状语从句常用than, so (as) … as, the more … the more等引导。例如：
I have made a lot more mistakes than you have.我犯的错误比你多多了。
He smokes cigarettes as expensive as he can afford.他吸引他能担负的起的香烟。
The busier he is, the happier he feels. 他越忙，就感到越幸福。
十、使用状语从句时要注意的几个问题
1.在时间和条件（有时也在方式、让步等）从句中，主句是一般将来时，从句通常用一般现在时表示将来。例如：
We’ll go outing if it doesn’t’t rain tomorrow. 如果明天不下雨，我将出去。
I’ll write to you as soon as I get to Shanghai.我一到上海就给你写信。
2.有些时间、地点、条件、方式或让步从句，如果从句的主语与主句主语一致（或虽不一致，是it），从句的谓语又包含动词be ，就可省略从句中的“主语 + be”部分。例如：
When (he was) still a boy of ten, he had to work day and night.
他只有十岁的时候，就不得不日夜工作。
If (you are) asked, you may come in.如果你被叫着，你就可以进来。
If (it is) necessary I’ll explain to you again.如果有必要，我会再向你解释一遍。
3.注意区分不同从句：引导的是什么从句，不仅要根据连词，还要根据句子结构和句意来判别。以where为例，能引导多种从句。例如：
You are to find it where you left it.（地点状语从句）
Tell me the address where he lives.（定语从句，句中有先行词）
I don’t know where he came from.（宾语从句）
Where he has gone is not known yet.（主语从句）
This place is where they once hid.（表语从句）

【小试牛刀】
I用横线划出下列句子中的状语从句，并指出是哪种状语从句：
1. Child as she is, she knows a lot of things.
2. The more I can do for the class, the happier I’ll be.
3. He talks as if (as though) he knew all about it.
4. He is such a good teacher that the students love and respect him.
5.I shall go to the park unless it rains.
6. No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
7. Where there is water, there is life.
8. He studied hard so that he could catch up with his classmates.
9. Since you are very busy, I won't trouble you.
10. Even if (though) I fail. I’ll never lose heart.
11. Once you begin the work, you must continue.
12. I will find her wherever she may be.
13. Now that you've come, you'd better have dinner with us.
14. He was so excited that he couldn't fall asleep.
15. We must do everything as he tells us.
16 India is much bigger than Japan.
17. No matter when you come, you are warmly welcome.
18. As (So) long as you work hard, you can catch up with the other classmates.
II 用适当的连词填空：
1. Dr. Bethune (白求恩) came to China __________ he was fifty.
2. He began to work __________ he got there.
3. Let's begin our meeting __________everyone is here.
4. I like the English people, __________ I don't like their food.
5. __________ you go in China, you can see smiling faces.
6. He didn't come to the lecture, __________ he was very busy.
7. __________we had enough time, we walked to the cinema.
8. They will help you __________ you meet with difficulty.
9. _________ we came to the university, we have learnt quite a lot.
10.I didn't join them yesterday evening __________ I had to go to an important meeting.
11. We would try to get a car __________we could all travel together more easily.
12. She wouldn't forget her mother's birthday __________ she seldom wrote to her family.
13. We're doing everything we can to make things as easy for you ___________we can.
14. The meeting became so disorderly __________ the speaker had to shout the audience down.
15. He was angrier __________ ever before.
16. __________ you lock all the doors, he can still manage to get in.
17. The boy was so tired __________ he fell asleep on the bus.
18. Hard _________ he tried, he couldn’t force the door open.

Keys:
II 1. when; 2. as soon as; 3. as; 4. though; 5. Wherever; 6. because; 7. Since; 8. whenever; 9. Since; 10. because; 11. so that; 12. though; 13. as; 14. that; 15. than; 16. Even if; 17. that; 18. as