新东方考研英语——完型填空.doc

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考研英语完型填空讲义
主讲：任治远

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教材说明：
本讲义包括综述部分以及1994年－2006年的真题及答案。页码跟老师说的不一样，请学员根据年份来找到老师所讲相对应的文章。
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综 述
总述“三五三十”；讲解1个“伎俩”和2个“技巧”。
◎认知了解完型填空的大纲测试要求、文章特点、出题原则及规律、主要考点分布。
“三五三十”：四个数字是我们课程的中心主线。
大纲测试要求：“完型填空主要测试考生结合上下文的综合理解能力和语言运用能力，即在阅读理解基础上对篇章结构、语法和词汇知识的运用能力”。这就是“三大要求”。
特点：
1、 首段首句不出题（240～290字）（每隔4-15个出一个空），有它的目的性和合理性；
2、 完型填空所写答案是最佳答案，而不是最正确答案。
3、 普遍联系的观点解完型填空的每个题。（鸟笼思想，一个空的正确有时取决其它空。）这也就是01年为什么考研考试取消了词汇语法题目和完型填空题目好于词汇语法题目的原因所在。四六级的考试也在效仿这样的变化。
4、 体裁：（议论文，说明文为主，很少有记叙文）（94年开始语言、睡眠、维生素，98年的临时工、工业革命发展。。。）
5、 完美性
① 有一个明确的主题
② 有鲜明的态度，指的是非自然科学类文章
③ 文章全是总分结构
测试要点
1、阅读能力
① 对文章整体把握和理解
② 上下段、上下句之间的逻辑关系
③ 句子的内部结构（复杂句多），这是考研完型题目随着考研考试本身一起“变难”的地方
2、 英语知识运用能力（正式名称）
1）结构识别――语法能力（20%）
2）固定习语、搭配――介词（10%）
3）词义辨析及使用（70%）

如何准备完型填空：
突破词汇关，尤其是常考词组，容易混淆的词。
熟悉历年真题。考查英语基础和水平，不能和出国考试同时。语法。
精读历年文章，分析文章作者态度和内在结构。
完型填空的发展规律
1- 题型、数量变化，分值没有改变（大纲变化）
2000以前，150-180词，10分，10个空。
2001之后，240-280词，10分，20个空。
2- 难度增加
2000以前，所选文章难度适中，或者说偏易。
2001以后，文章难度向阅读理解靠拢，复杂句增多。
3- 题材
1997从科普类过渡到社会科学类，工农业、法律、信息、社会和青少年成长的话题。
1992 太空探索；1993 建筑设计；1994 语言使用；1995 睡眠问题；1996 维生素；
1997有关临时工的问题
　　1998有关如何评价工业革命的问题
　　1999有关如何实现安全生产的问题
　　2000有关农民实现经济自足的问题
　　2001有关限制媒体报道在法律审判中的影响的问题
　　2002有关人类信息社会发展过程的问题
2003有关如何帮助青少年适应变化的问题
2004有关青少年犯罪的主题
2005有关人类嗅觉的问题
2006有关无家可归者的问题。
4- 2003年正式更名为“英语知识综合运用”错误选项干扰项较强，不易得分。
5- 考点选项：
年份 虚词比例 各种词汇比例
94 1/10 2名 1动 2形 1副 2代1动组 1介

95 3/10 1名 3动 2形 1动组 1连 1介 1介组
96 1/10 1名 3动 2形 3副 1连组
97 4/10 1名 3动 1形 1副 2连 1介 1连组
98 2/10 1名 3动 2形 2副 2介
99 2/10 3名 2动 1形 1副 1动组 1连 1介
00 3/10 2名 3动 1形 1副 1介 1连组 1介组
01 5/20 1名 7动 4形 3副 1连 4介 注，大纲样题。
01 5/20 4名 10动 1形 2连 1介 1连组 1介组
02 6/20 5名 3动 4形 2副 2连 3介 1介组
03 2/20 7名 5动 2形 2副 2副组 1连 1连组
04 5/20 5名 6动 2形 1副 1副组 4连 1介
05 5/20 1名 7动 4形 2副 1副组 2连 1介 1连组 1介组
06 5/20 2名 8动 1动组 2形 3副 3连 1介

时间 介词 语法结构 词义辨析 短语
1994年 1 3 5 1
1995年 1 1 6 2
1996年 0 3 7 0
1997年 1 3 6 0
1998年 2 1 7 0
1999年 1 2 6 1
2000年 1 2 6 0
2001年 1 5 14 0
2002年 2 3 14 1
2003年 0 4 16 0
2004年 1 4 14 1
2005年 1 4 13 2
2006年 1 4 14 1
从上面的两个表可以看出，词义辨析题在完形填空中占绝大多数，差不多是70%，最近的6套真题里面实词考查也是达到了77％。；其次是考查语法现象，结构识别在近三年来都是占到20%；介词选择基本上是1～2个，只有1996年和2003年没有考介词题；短语也是1~2个，但有一半的年份没有考短语辨析。
6- 选项词汇特点
从选项中具体的词汇考虑，94～06年的13套题目里面的760选项一共考查了600个不同的单词(词组)，重复率近30％。这里的统计忽略了名词的单复数不同、忽略的动词的时态不同（例如claimed和claims）、也忽略了绝对的同源词汇（例如admission和admitted）。结果发现有下列单词不只一次出现：
出现2次的有：
above、 admit、 against、 alter、 and、 any、 anything、 anyway、 approve、 apparent、 as if、 assist、 assume、 aware、 case、 change、 concept、 confide、 confined、 conviction、 create、 describe、discover、 display、 dispose、 distinguish、 durable、 effect、 either、 enhance、 even、 even if、 except that、 excess、expense、 few、 for example、 frequently、 fundamental、 hence、 identifiable、 immediate、 improper、 indeed、 inference、 instant、 interpret、 maintain、 make、 manifest、 means、 meanwhile、message、 method、 neglect、 nevertheless、 notice、 obvious、 off、 on average、 or、 other than、 out、 over、 popularity、 predict、 preliminary、 produce、 publicity、 raise、 range、 rarely、 receive、 reduce、 reliable、 regulation、 required、 response、 sensitive、 search、 shift、 short、 so that、something、 some、 stand、 still、 subject、 such as、 supply、 survive、 sustain、 take、 through、 to、 tolerate、 toward、 track、 transfer、 turn、 undertake、 until、 upon。
一共103个词（词组），其中虚词只占18％。
出现3次的有：
about、 available、 because、 before、 capacity、 claim、 differ、 expose、 general、 if、 ignoring、 incident、 now that、 of、 offer、 only if、 particular、 provide、 restriction、 similar、 so、 unless、 what、 when、 which、 while。
一共26个词（词组），其中虚词占47％。
出现4次的有：
at、 but、 however、 if only、 if、 moreover、 stimulate、 therefore、 whereas。
一共9个词（词组），其中虚词占67％。
【以下的高频词汇，均为虚词。可见。。。】
出现5次的有：although、by。
出现6次的有：in。
出现7次的有：as、since、on。
出现8次的只有：with。
出现9次的也只有：for。
从上面的数据我们可以看出绝大多数的实词不会高频出现，但是反复出现的实词也必须引起我们的足够的重视和注意；而虚词出现的频率很高。

而从答案层面分析，我们仍然可以看出一些现象：
“against” “any” “apparent” “as if” “available” “frequently” “message” “nevertheless” “nor” “publication” “such as” “something” “upon” 14个词（词组）均出现过2次，每次都作为正确答案出现。

“because”“while”均出现过3次，每次都作为正确答案出现。

而“although”“but”“by”“capacity”“however”“moreover”“of”“offer”“only if”“that”“which”“whereas”这12个词出现的时候，作为正确答案的几率也很高（超过和占到半数）。

而某些单词出现过3次或是很多，比如，“about”“at”“if only”“if”“now that”“restrict”“provided”“similar”“since”“stimulate”“unless”“what”，但是从来都不作为正确答案出现，我们是否可以认为这些词汇就是传说中的“绿叶词汇”或是“永陪选项”？

比较常见的几种逻辑关系：
　　并列关系:
　　 and, and also, or, neither…nor, either…or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, same…as
　　递进关系:
　　 then, also, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition, what is more
　　因果关系:
　 because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so(such)…that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, in response to, with, for this reason, lead to, too…to
　　转折关系:
　　 but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of
　　让步关系:
　　 although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of
　 其他：
列举关系: first—second—last of all, first—then, to begin with—to continue/next, on one hand—on the other hand, for one thing—for another thing, one—another, some—others—still others
举例关系: such as, for example, for instance, of these/those/them, among these/those/them, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically speaking, namely
总结关系: in all, in brief, in short, in a word, in conclusion, altogether to sum up, to summarize, to conclude, to generalize, to put it in one word
2001年大纲样题
During the 1980s, unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90 per cent. Some countries did not 1 enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing were not 2 . Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed nations 3 solutions.
4 , problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized nations. Industry in the developed nations is highly automated and very 5 . It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes, and highly 6 workers are needed to 7 and repair the equipment. These workers must be trained, 8 many nations do not have the necessary training institutions. Thus, the 9 of importing industry becomes higher. Students must be sent abroad to 10 vocational and professional training. 11 . just to begin training, the students must 12 learn English, French, German, or Japanese. The students then spend many years abroad, and 13 do not return home.
All nations agree that science and technology 14 be shared. The point is: countries 15 the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look care-fully 16 the costs, because many of these costs are 17 . Students from these nations should 18 the problems of the industrialized countries closely. 19 care, they will take home not the problems of science and technology, 20 the benefits.

1.[A] generate [B] raise [C] product [D] manufacture
2.[A] answered [B] met [C] calculated [D] remembered
3.[A] for [B] without [C] as [D] about
4.[A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] Anyway [D] However
5.[A] expensive [B] mechanical [C] flourishing [D] complicated
6.[A] gifted [B] skilled [C] trained [D] versatile
7.[A] keep [B] maintain [C] retain [D] protect
8.[A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet
9.[A] charge [B] price [C] cost [D] value
10.[A] accept [B] gain [C] receive [D] absorb
11.[A] Frequently [B] Incidentally [C] Deliberately [D] Eventually
12.[A] soon [B] quickly [C] immediately [D] first
13.[A] some [B] others [C] several [D] few
14.[A] might [B] should [C] would [D] will
15.[A] adopting [B] conducting [C] receiving [D] adjusting
16.[A] to [B] at [C] on [D] about
17.[A] opaque [B] secret [C] sealed [D] hidden
18.[A] tackle [B] learn [C] study [D] manipulate
19.[A] In [B] Through [C] With [D] Under
20.[A] except [B] nor [C] or [D] but

2005年
The human nose is an underrated tool. Humans are often thought to be insensitive smellers compared with animals, (1) ________ this is largely because, (2) ________ animals, we stand upright. This means that our noses are (3) ________ to perceiving those smells which float through the air, (4) ________ the majority of smells which stick to surfaces. In fact, (5) ________, we are extremely sensitive to smells, (6) ________ we do not generally realize it. Our noses are capable of (7) ________ human smells even when these are (8) ________ to far below one part in one million.
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another,(9)______ others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers. This may be because some people do not have the genes necessary to generate (10) ________ smell receptors in the nose. These receptors are the cells which sense smells and send (11) ________ to the brain. However, it has been found that even people insensitive to a certain smell (12) ________can suddenly become sensitive to it when (13)________ to it often enough.
The explanation for insensitivity to smell seems to be that the brain finds it (14) ________ to keep all smell receptors working all the time but can (15) ________ new receptors if necessary. This may (16) ________ explain why we are not usually sensitive to our own smells — we simply do not need to be. We are not (17) ________of the usual smell of our own house, but we (18) ________ new smells when we visit someone else's. The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors (19) ________ for unfamiliar and emergency signals (20) ________ the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
1. [A] although [B]as [C]but [D] while
2. [A] above [B] unlike [C] excluding [D] besides
3. [A] limited [B] committed [C] dedicated [D] confined
4. [A] catching [B] ignoring [C] missing [D] tracking
5. [A] anyway [B] though [C] instead [D] therefore
6. [A] even if [B] if only [C] only if [D] as if
7. [A] distinguishing [B] discovering [C] determining [D] detecting
8. [A] diluted [B] dissolved [C] dispersed [D] diffused
9. [A] when [B] since [C] for [D] whereas
10. [A] unusual [B] particular [C] unique [D] typical
11. [A] signs [B] stimuli [C]messages [D]impulses
12. [A] at first [B]at all [C]at large [D] at times
13. [A] subjected [B] left [C] drawn [D] exposed
14. [A] ineffective [B] incompetent [C] inefficient [D] insufficient
15. [A] introduce [B] summon [C] trigger [D] create
16. [A] still [B]also [C] otherwise [D] nevertheless
17. [A] sure [B] sick [C] aware [D] tired
18. [A] tolerate [B] repel [C] neglect [D] notice
19. [A] available [B] reliable [C] identifiable [D] suitable
20. [A] similar to [B] such as [C] along with [D] aside from

2006年真题
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly 2__. To help homeless people __3__ independence, the federal government must support job training programs, __4__ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing. __5__ everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates __6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. __7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is __8__, one of the federal government’s studies __9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult. __11__ when homeless individuals manage to find a __12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day __13__ the street. Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives __16__. Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are __17__ programs that address the many needs of the homeless. __18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts, __19__ it, “There has to be __20__ of programs. What’s need is a package deal.”

1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore
2. [A] stand [B] cope [C] approve [D] retain
3. [A] in [B] for [C] with [D] toward
4. [A] raise [B] add [C] take [D] keep
5. [A] Generally [B] Almost [C] Hardly [D] Not
6. [A] cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ
7. [A]now that [B]although [C]provided [D]Except that
8. [A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending
9. [A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers
10. [A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss
11. [A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only
12. [A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house
13. [A]se