高英unit5-The-Sad-Young-Men演示教学.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,Lesson 5,The Sad Young Men,Rod W.Horton and Herbert W.Edwards,Aims,To know the social background of the US in 1920s.,To know the Lost Generation,To learn the central idea of,The Sad Young Men,To learn the writing technique and to appreciate the language features,Teaching Contents,Pre-reading questions,Background,Text study,Language points,Comprehension Questions,Text Analysis and Appreciation,Exercises,Tasks After Class,Pre-reading questions,What do you know about the following?,The impact of WWI and the US in 1920s,The Lost Generation and their representatives,American Prohibition Law,Greenwich Village,Victorian gentility,Bohemianism,Babbitry,Background,Rod W.Horton,(1910-?),Born in White Plains N.Y.,Instructor,New York University,(1937-45),Assistant professor(1945-49),Associate professor(1949-57),Cultural affairs officer(1957-64),Professor,Colorado University(1964-),Visiting professor,University of Brazil,Coimbra(1961-64).,Background,Publications:,(with Herbert W.Edwards),Backgrounds of American Literary Thought,(1952),(with Vincent F.Hopper),Backgrounds of European Literature,(1954),Background,The impact of World War I,Symptoms of crisis,Darwin,Nietzsche,Freud,Einstein,Conrad,尼采鼓吹人生的目的就是实现,权力意志,，扩张自我，成为驾驭一切的超人。超人是人的最高价值，应当藐视一切传统道德价值，为所欲为，通过奴役弱者、群氓来实现自我。,Background,Values about war,Values about religion,Values about ethics,Impact,moral disorientation,literary and art revolutions,rise of Nazis,breakdown of philosophy,Background,American Culture in the 1920s,The decade of the 1920s is often characterized as a period of American prosperity and optimism.It was the Roaring Twenties,the decade of bath tub,gin,the model T,the$5 work day,the first transatlantic flight,and the movie.It is often seen as a period of great advance as the nation became urban and commercial(Calvin Coolidge declared that Americas business was business).,Background,The decade is also seen as a period of rising intolerance and isolation:chastened by the first world war,historians often point out that Americans retreated into a provincialism,褊狭,evidenced by the rise of the Ku Klux Klan,the anti radical hysteria of the Palmer raids,restrictive immigration laws,and prohibition.,Background,Overall,the decade is often seen as a period of great contradiction:,of rising optimism and deadening cynicism,of increasing and decreasing faith,of great hope and great despair.Put differently,historians usually see the 1920s as a decade of serious cultural conflict.,Background,The Sad Young Men,The Sad Young Men and,the Lost Generation,refer to the same group of people.The first name was created by,F.Scott Fitzgerald,in his book,All the Sad Young Men,and second by,Gertrude Stein,.,Background,These names were applied to the disillusioned intellectuals and aesthetes of the years following the First World War,who rebelled against former ideals and values,but could replace them only by despair or a cynical hedonism,享乐主义.,Background,The remark of,Gertrude Stein,you are all a lost generation,addressed to Hemingway,was used as a preface to the latters novel,The Sun Also Rises,which brilliantly describes an expatriate group typical of the lost generation,(cf.Beat Generation and Angry Young Men),Background,The Beat Generation,After World War II appeared the Beat Generation,in the United States.This term was applied to certain American artists and writers who were popular during the 1950s.Essentially anarchic,members of the beat generation rejected traditional social and artistic forms.They sought immediate expression in multiple intense experiences and beatific,极乐的,illumination like that of some Eastern religions,(e.g.Zen Buddhism,禅宗佛教).,The essential element of Zen Buddhism is found in its name,for Zen means meditation.Zen teaches that enlightenment is achieved through the profound realization that one is already an enlightened being.This awakening can happen gradually or in a flash of insight(as emphasized by the Soto and Rinzai schools,respectively).But in either case,it is the result of ones own efforts.Deities and scriptures can offer only limited assistance.,Background,In literature they adopted rhythms of simple American speech and of so-called progressive jazz.Among those associated with the movement were the novelists Jack Kerouac and Chandler Brossard,numerous poets(e.g.Kenneth Rexroth,Allen Ginsberg,Lawrence Ferlinghetti,and Gregory Corso),and others,many of whom had worked in and around San Francisco.During the 1960s beat ideas and attitudes were absorbed by other cultural,movements,and those who practiced the,beat life style were called hippies.,Background,The angry young men,At this time there appeared in England a group called the angry young men.,This term was applied to a group of English writers of the 1950s whose heroes shared certain rebellious and critical attitudes towards society.This phrase,which was originally taken from the title of Leslie Allen Pauls autobiography,Angry Young Man,(1951),became current with the production of John Osbornes play,Look,Back in Anger,(1956).,Background,The group not only expressed discontent with the staid,不动的,hypocritical institutions of English society-the so-called Establishment-but betrayed disillusionment with itself and with its own achievements,included among the angry young men were the playwrights John Osborne and Arnold Wesker and the novelists Kingsley Amis,John Braine,John Wain,and Alan Sillitoe.In the 1960s these writers turned to more individualized themes and were no longer considered a group.,Background,Gertrude Stein(1874-1946),Background,Gertrude Stein(1874-1946),American author and patron of the arts.A celebrated personality,she encouraged,aided,and influenced-through her patronage as well as through her writing-many literary and artistic figures.In 1902 she went abroad and from 1903 until her death lived chiefly in Paris.In Paris,Stein became interested in modern art movements;she encouraged and purchased the work of many new painters,including,Picasso and Matisse.,Background,During the 1920s she was the leader of a cultural salon,which included such writers as Hemingway,Sherwood Anderson,F.Scott Fitzgerald,all of whose works she influenced.It was she who first coined the phrase lost generation for those post world War I expatriates.During World War II she remained in France,and after the war her Paris home became a meeting place for American soldiers.,Background,Stein s own innovative writing emphasizes the sounds and rhythms rather than the sense of words.By departing from conventional meaning,grammar,and syntax,she attempted to capture moments of consciousness,independent of time and memory.,Some of her best known works are:,Three Lives(,1909),The Making of Americans(1925),Autobiography of Alice B.Toklas,(1933)(her own autobiography presented as that of her secretary companion).,Background,The main idea of the lesson,The two American writers explain a certain period in American literary and social history.It focuses especially on the attitudes and revolt of the young people who returned from World War 1,disappointed and disillusioned.In this revolt the young intellectuals,writers and artists,stood in the van and was,the most vocal group.,Background,Many of these intellectuals lived abroad,especially in Paris,as expatriates,but most of them later returned to the United States voluntarily.These intellectuals were called Sad Young Men,or The lost Generation,because they were critical and rebelliousHowever,they were never lost because they were also very creative and productive and as this essay says:gave the nation the liveliest,freshest,most stimulating writing in its literary experience.,Text Study,Language points,Comprehension Questions,Text Analysis and Appreciation,Language points,1.,No aspect of life Generation:,The Revolt of the Young Generation in the 1920s has been most commented upon and has been treated very romantically and sensationally.,sensationally romanticized,:(This so-called problem)was treated in a passionate,idealized manner to shock thrill and rouse the interest of people.,Language points,After World War 1,during the 1920s,every aspect of life in the United States has been commented upon,but the so-called Revolt of the Younger Generation has been more commented upon than all the other aspects.,Language points,2.,The slightest mention.by the young,:,At the very mention of this post-war period,middle-aged people begin to think about it longingly and young people become curious and start asking all kinds of questions.,Language points,middle-aged,:Middle-aged people lived through the Twenties so they can recall what life was like then.,the young:,The young people have only heard about all this and were very curious about the lives of young people of another generation.,nostalgic,curious,:both are,transferred epithets,.They really modify the middle-aged and the young respectively.,Language points,3.,memories of.country road,:,These are the nostalgic recollections of the middle-aged.,deliciously illicit thrill,:an improper action but very enjoyable and exciting.A visit to a speakeasy was improper or prohibited because these places sold alcoholic drinks illegally.This explains the illicit thrill.,Language points,Prohibition Law,(1920-33).,Commonly referred to as,national prohibition,the only amendment to the Constitution to be repealed subsequently,the Eighteenth Amendment,prohibited“the manufacture,sale,or transportation of intoxicating liquors within,the importation thereof into,or the exportation thereof from the United States and all territory subject to the jurisdiction,thereof for beverage purposes.”,Language points,National prohibition of alcohol-the noble experiment-was undertaken to reduce crime and corruption,solve social problems,reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses,and improve health and hygiene in America.However,it proved to be a miserable failure on all counts.,Language points,Although consumption of alcohol fell at the beginning of Prohibition,it subsequently increased.Alcohol became more dangerous to consume;crime increased and became organized;the court and prison systems were stretched to the breaking point;and corruption of public officials was rampant.No measurable gains were made in productivity or reduced,absenteeism.,Language points,Prohibition removed a significant source of tax revenue and greatly increased government spending.It led many drinkers to switch to opium,marijuana,patent medicines,cocaine,and other dangerous substances that they would have been unlikely to encounter in the absence of Prohibition.,Language points,Prohibition removed a significant source of tax revenue and greatly increased government spending.It led many drinkers to switch to opium,marijuana,patent medicines,cocaine,and other dangerous substances that they would have been unlikely to encounter in the absence of Prohibition.,Language points,美国具有很浓厚的清教徒传统，很多人追求一种“清廉”的生活。19世纪中期，美国一些地方的居民开始寻求以法律手段制裁酒徒。这种呼声渐渐得到全国范围的呼应，以维护传统家庭为己任的妇女组织更是其中的主力军。终于，1919年，美国国会通过宪法第八修正案，也就是全国禁酒令，规定自次年起，一切生产、销售、饮用酒类的行为非法。,Language points,事实上，当时偷偷违反禁酒令的行为是如此普遍，使得该法律几乎成为美国历史上最大的笑话。十余年后美国爆发经济大萧条，酒成为慰藉心灵的恩物，于是罗斯福在竞选纲领中，明确提出废除禁酒令。1933年，美国国会通过宪法第二十一修正案，取代第八修正案。全国禁酒令宣告彻底失败。,Language points,speakeasy,:(Americanism)a place where alcoholic drinks are sold illegally,esp.such a place in the U.S.during Prohibition(the period 1920-33).,Puritan morality,:extreme or excessive strictness in matters of morals.Strict Puritans even regarded drinking,gambling and participation in theatrical performances as punishable offences.,Language points,fashionable experimentations in amour,:trying out new ways of lovemaking as everyone was doing at that time,parked sedan,:,in a sedan car parked on lonely country roads,sedan,:,(North America)type of car:a car with a fully enclosed passenger compartment,a permanent roof,two or four doors,front and rear seats,and a separate trunk,Language points,4.,questions.drugstore cowboy,:,Some of the questions asked by curious young people,naughty,:mildly indecent,jazzy,:(a party)playing jazz music,sheik,:(Americanism)a masterful man to whom women are supposed to be irresistibly attracted,Language points,moral and stylistic vagaries:,odd and eccentric dress and conduct,flapper,:(Americanism)in the 1920s,a young woman considered bold and unconventional in action and dress,drugstore cowboy:,(Americanism)A western movie extra who loafs in front of drugstores between pictures.,Flapper Style,Flapper Style,Language points,5.,The answers.and no:,The answer to such questions must because of necessity be both yes and no-People cannot give a simple yes or no answer to such questions.,must of necessity:,must because of necessity,Language points,yes Problem:,In the process of growing up,during the period when children grow up to become adults,there always exists a Younger Generation ProblemIn this sense the answer must be yes,Language points,no jazzmad youth:,When we look back now to those days and view things in their true relations to one another,we see that the social behavior of the young people was not very wild,irresponsible,and immoral.Their behavior was far from being as sensational as the degeneration of jazzmad youth.Therefore,in this sense,the answer must be no.,Language points,seen in perspective:,to view or judge things or events in a way that show their true relations to one another,degeneration:,moral corruption,depravity,jazzmad:,blindly and foolishly fond of jazz music,Language points,Questions on Para.1:,Why were the younger generation of the 1920s thought to be wild?,Was there really a younger generation problem?,Was there a revolt of the younger generation?How did it manifest itself?,Language points,6.,the rebellion was not confined.:,The revolt of the young did not take place only in the United States,but affected all the countries in the Western world.Their revolt was the result or consequence of World War I-the biggest and most serious war in a hundred years.,Language points,the first serious war in a century:,The writer,perhaps,is referring to the Napoleonic wars(1815)that ended in Napoleons defeat at Waterloo as the last serious war that took place almost a hundred years ago.,Language points,7.,it was reluctantly.or tradition:,Some people in the United States fully understood,though unwillingly,that the United States could no longer remain isolated politically or in matters of social customs and practices.If these people did not state their views openly,at least,they understood it subconsciously.,Language points,8.,We had reached.bordering oceans:,metaphor,comparing provincial morality to artificial walls.,We have become a world power so we can no longer in our action just follow the principle of right and wrong as accepted in our own country,nor can we remain isolated geographically protected by the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.In other words,the United States can no longer pursue a,policy of isolationism.,Language points,t