英美文学选读复习资料.doc

英国文学选读 复习资料
一.Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟 时期
1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事 (英国文学史的开端)
人文主义先驱，the father of English poetry..第一个用英语写作的诗人。
二 William Shakespeare
1.The four great tragedies by William Shakespeare are _Hamlet_, _Othello_, _King Lear_, Macbeth. 四大喜剧 是 A Midsummer Night's Dream ;As you like it ;Twelfth Night ;The merchant of Venice .
the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose 散文
1、文学特点：the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.
清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物：
1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 The founder of the“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物
代表作:Love lyrics:Songs and sonnets.The Flea.
A Valediction: forbidding morning
作品特点：① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)
② novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)
③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)
2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 （ poem 诗歌 blank verse ） was a _radical puritan in politics and religion. 激进清教徒分子。
 《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
 《Paradise Lost》失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人
 《Paradise Regained》复乐园
John Milton’s three great poems are _Paradise Lost_（无韵诗bland verse.故事情节来自Ole Testament，要知道此书的them 和Satan的形象）, _Paradise Regained, Samson Agonistes. （poetical drama)
the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义
Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution
前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。
教育意义Educational：liberty, equality and fraternity 自由，平等，博爱
开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》抒情歌谣集
 从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始
4、 lake poets(湖畔诗人)：Coleridge, Robert Southey, Wordsworth
5、 代表人物： 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate (桂冠诗人) romanticism英国最伟大的诗人。自然的崇拜者。英国桂冠诗人。湖泊诗人（消极浪漫主义）题材：nature and common people's lives.
Lyrical ballads抒情歌谣集（柯勒律治合编,浪漫主义宣言书）I wandered lonely as a Cloud.（最重要的）The Rime of the Ancient Mariner老船夫。Kubla Khan忽必烈汗（这两个比较重要点）Samuel Taylor Coleridge家Lyrical ballads; 。Bilgraphia Literaria文学传记（此作者不太重要）题材：Super Nature.
作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry

11.Jane Austen’s subject matter was restricted to a narrow range of society and events, _a quiet, prosperous,middle-class circle_ in _provincial_ surroundings.
Jane Austen’s novels, in order of publication, are _Sense and Sensibility__, _Pride and Prejudice_, _Mansfield Park_曼斯菲尔德望庄园 _Emma_, __Northanger Abbey_诺桑觉诗, _Persuasion_劝导. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人。
13. Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱
P. B. Shelly’s Ode to the West Wind is in the form of _terza rima_三行诗节, whose rhyme scheme is _aba,bcb,cbc,ded_. 最后两行为ee.和Byron拜伦是晚期的浪漫主义。
主要作品：《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯 (drama).A Defence of Poetry诗辩
Ode to her West Wind西风颂To a Skylark致云雀The Revolt of Islam伊斯兰的反叛。
14. John Keats’s many odes are looked upon as the greatest achievement in the history of English literature; among them are _Ode to a Nightingale_, _Ode to Autumn_, （这个最重要）_Ode on a Grecian Urn_. 希腊古瓮颂Ode on Melancholy忧郁颂（不太重要）他的诗歌没有雪莱和拜伦那么强的革命性，他的诗歌是为了缔造一个唯美的世界，为了追求美而写作的。poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则
15. Mary Shelley玛丽雪莱长篇小说《Frankenstein》弗兰肯斯坦，或现代普罗米修斯（恐怖作品）
Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ，Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义
1、 意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。
2、代表人物
Alfred, Lord Tennysony 主要作品是Ulysses尤利西斯，继华兹华斯被授予“桂冠诗人”的称号Robert Browning(第三位)。悼念集In MemoriamA.H.H是英国文学史上最长的，也是和弥尔顿、雪莱齐名最伟大的挽歌诗人。Idylls of the King国王诗歌。短诗有Break,Break,Break.Crossing the bar。此人政治态度保守，作品追求形式上的完美，富于音乐性和色彩。
Charles Dickens 狄更斯is regarded as a _Critical_ _realistic__批判现实主义 novelist. His autobiographical novel is 一、匹克威克外传（第一部长篇作品Spicy and humor）Oliver Twist奥利佛，退斯特-雾都孤儿(描写孤儿生活)_.反映小私有者悲惨生活的The Old Curiosity Shop老古玩店 To expose the dark of the bourgeois, but have a warm criticism to the society
二、Christmas Tales圣诞故事集Dombey and Son 董贝父子。David Copperfield. 大卫科波菲尔（Autobiographical novel, it’s the favorite one of the author,描写了作者的大量亲身经历）。Critical the money rule of the bourgeois and the characters of the work have more social meanings.
三、A Tale of Two Cities双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)。Great Expectation远大前程Hard Times艰难时事Bleak House荒凉山庄Little Dorrit小杜丽《Pickwick Papers》Have less humors and the greatest significance to the social.
特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。
Charlotte Bronte 代表作 Jane Eyre
1.The criticism of the bourgeois system of education.
2.The criticism of the bourgeois system of marriage.
3.Equal rights.

Emlly Bronte 代表作 Wuthering Heights

The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期
1、 Aestheticism 唯美主义 “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术
2、代表人物。
1)、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists  《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔丝 《Jude the obscure》无名的裘德The Woodlanders The Mayor of Casterbridge卡斯特桥市长The Return of the Native还乡 Far from the Madding Crowd远离尘嚣 Under the Greenwood Tree在绿荫下（后面的不重要，第一个很重要）
novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术
William Butler Yeats: When you are old 诗歌特点：symbllism,mysticism.modernists's influence等等。
2)George Bernard Shaw 代表作 Pygmalion 喜剧
3）William Butler Yeats 代表作 When you are old ( poet)
22. James Joyce’s _Ulysses 意识流小说的经典之作Dubliner (都柏林) and _Finnegans Wake 芬尼根守灵夜 revolutionized the form and structure of the novel in the development of the stream-of-consciousness technique. 与美国作家William Faulkner福克纳都是意识流作家。
James Joyce（1882-1941）被认为是继莎士比亚后英国文学史上最伟大的作家。代表作 《Ulysses》尤利西斯，Ulysses给英国传统小说带来一场革命，成功在于意识流（streams of consciousness）描写表面上纷纷扬扬，漫无边际，实际上结构齐整，周密严谨，为现代小说巅峰之作

20.D. H. Lawrence had travelled to many places, among them are _Italy_, _Australia_, _New Zealand_, _the South Seas_, _California_, _New Mexico_,Mexico ect. Modernist Novelist
Lawrence wrote chiefly about _the relationship between parents and children_, _the passion between men and women_, _the ugliness_, _mammonism拜金主义_, _sham morality不道德_ of the modern industrialized society. 主要作品：儿子与情人Sons and Lovers，恋爱中的妇女Women is love，查泰莱夫人的情人Lady Chatterley's Lover，虹The Rainbow.

Thomas Stearms Eliot 代表作 the Waste Land 荒原 里程碑似的作家

William Golding

Dorls Lessing

Doris Lessing多丽丝。莱辛。第一部长篇小说青草在歌唱The Grass is Singing金色笔记The Golden Notebook.
Pride and Prejudice
The characteristics
Elizabeth: She inherited her father's sense of humor and irony, has positive standard of morals and good sense and is a vigorous and intelligent young lady.
Darcy: He is pride of his superior social status and objective to Elizabeth's low relatives. He is liberal and honorable and in the humble as well. Love humbles him and makes him worthy of love.
The theme
It is a novel about society and the relationships of family.
“It is a truth universally acknowledged that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of wife.” This sentence points out the theme of this novel. It is marriage and money.
This novel revolved around the process of four couple's marriage( They are Mr. Bengley and Jane, Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth, Mr. Collins and Charlotte, as well as Mr. Wickham and Lydia). It praised the marriage which is based on mutual understanding and hearty love and satirized another kind of marriage which is based on birth, wealth and lust. To some extend, it expressed the hopes and dreams of English Woman striving for freedom of marriage.
Besides this, it still satirized the social hierarchy of the time.
The feature of the writing:thin plot,mostly everyday life of simple country society, good at wring young girls;modest satire;witty dialogues.
写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.