语言学部分材料.doc

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英语学院 TEM-8 培训班人文知识材料

人文知识部分的考察一共有 10 道题目，包括四道文化题目、三道文学题目、三道语言学题目。
纵观历年真题，英语语言学部分主要考察语言学的概念，并根据概念进行实例分析。
Part One: General Ideas and Conecpts about Linguistics

1. 语言的基本特征：任意性、二重性、创造性、移位性和文化传递性。
2. 语言学的基本概念：口语与书面语、共时与历时、语言与言语、语言能力与语言运用、语
言潜势与语言行为。

3 语音学：发音器官的英文名称、英语辅音的发音部位和发音方法、语音学的定义，发音语
音学、听觉语音学、声学语音学、元音及辅音的分类、严式与宽式音标。

4. 音位学：音位理论、最小对立体，自由变异、互补分布、语音的相似性、区别性特征、超
音段音位学、音节、重音等。

5. 词法学：词法的定义、曲折词与派生词、构词法、词素的定义、词素变体、自由词素、粘
着词素等。

6. 句法：句法的定义、范畴、短语规则、句子规则，表层结构和深层结构、转换与生成。
7. 语义学：语义的定义、语义的有关理论、意义种类、词汇意义关系、句子语义关系。
8. 语用学：语用学的定义、语义学与语用学的区别、语境与意义、言语行为理论、合作原则
语言变化：

9. 语言的发展变化（词汇变化、语音书写文字、语法变化、语义变化）
10. 语言与社会：社会语言学的概念、语言变体、语域、双语现象与双言制。
11. 语言思维与文化：语言与文化的定义、萨皮尔-沃尔夫假说、语言与思维的关系、语言与
文化的关系、中西文化的异同、

12. 语言习得"语言习得的基本理论、语言习得的认知因素、语言环境与关键期假设，语言习
得的过程、语言习得过程中的非典型性发展。

13. 二语习得：母语习得与二语习得之间的关系、对比分析、错误分析、中介语、输入假说。
个体差异等。

14. 语言与大脑：神经语言学与心理语言学的基本概念。
Part Two: 真题分析与讲解（2005-2008）

TEM 8 2005
1. Syntax is the study of .

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A. language functions B. sentence structures C. textual organization
D. word formation
2. Which of the following is NOT a distinctive feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness B. Productivity
C. Cultural transmission
D. Finiteness
3. The speech act theory was first put forward by .
A. John Searle B. John Austin C. Noam Chomsky D. Halliday
TEM 8 2006
1. What essentially distinguishes semantics and pragmatics is the notion of .
A. reference B. meaning C. antonymy D. context
2. The words "kid, child, offspring" are examples of .
A. dialectal synonyms B. stylistic synonyms
C. emotive synonyms D. collocational synonyms
3. The distinction between parole and langue was made by .
A. Halliday B. Chomsky C. Bloomfield D. Saussure
TEM 8 2007
1. The distinctive features of a speech variety may be all the following EXCEPT .
A. lexical B. syntactic C. phonological D. psycholinguistic
2. The word "tail" once referred to "the tail of a horse", but now it is used to mean "the tail of any
animal." This is an example of .
A. widening of meaning B. narrowing of meaning C. meaning shift D. loss of meaning
3. refers to the study of the internal structure of words and the rules of word formation.
A. Phonology B. Morphology C. Semantics D. Sociolinguistics
TEM 8 2008
1. Which of the following is NOT a design feature of human language?
A. Arbitrariness B. Displacement C. Duality D. Diachronicity
2. What type of sentence is "Mark likes fiction, but Tim is interested in poetry."?
A. A simple sentence B. A coordinate sentence
C. A complex sentence D. None of the above
3. The phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form is called .
A. hyponymy B. synonymy C. polysemy D. homonymy
Part Three: 语言学概论精选习题（100 题）
1. Which of the following statements about language is NOT true?
A. Language is a system B. Language is symbolic C. Animals also have languages D. Language is arbitrary
2. Which of the following choices is NOT a constituent?
A. I like the song. B. I
C. song D. like
3. Of the following sound combinations, only is permissible.

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A. kibl B. bkil C. ilkb D. ilbk
4. The relation between the determiner "this" and the noun "man" in the phrase "this man"
is .
A. government B. concord C. binding D. paradigmatic
5. The sentence that has an NP and a VP is mostly shown in a formula "S®NP+VP".
A. hierarchical B. linear C. tree diagram D. vertical
6. "Big" and "small" are a pair of opposites.
A. complementary B. gradable C. complete D. converse
8. Arbitrariness of language was first discussed by .
A. Chomsky B. Halliday C. Firth D. Saussure
9. Which pair of words is NOT a minimal pair?
A. cat/bat B. put/but C. jig/pig D. sit/bit
10. Which function is the major role of language?
A. Informative B. International C. Performative D. Emotive
11. If two sounds are in complementary distribution, they are of the same phoneme.
A. symbols B. allophones C. phones D. signs
12. Which branch of study CANNOT be included in the scope of linguistics?
A. Syntax B. Pragmatics C. Phonetics D. Anthropology
13. Atom is a word of origin.
A. Latin B. Greek C. Arabic D. Spanish
14. The distinction of language and parole is made by .
A. Halliday B. Sapir C. Chomsky D. Saussure
15. are bound morpheme because they cannot be used as separate words.
A. Roots B. Stems C. Affixes D. Compounds
16. is the study of the relationship between symbols and their interpreter.
A. Syntax B. Semantics C. Pragmatics D. sociolinguistics
17. is the defining properties of units like nouns (number, gender, case, etc.) and verbs
(tense, aspect, voice, etc.).
A. Parts of speech B. Word classes C. Categories D. Functions of words
18. The noun "tear" and the verb "tear" are .
A. homophones B. homographs C. complete homonyms D. allophones
19. The function of language is one of the most powerful uses of language because it is so
crucial in changing the emotional status of an audience for or against someone or something.
A. performative B. phatic C. recreational D. emotive
20. The term may be defined as a way of referring to the approach which studies
language changes over various periods of time and at various historical stages.
A. synchronic linguistics B. comparative linguistics
C. diachronic linguistics D. anthropological linguistics
21. examines how meaning is encoded in a language.
A. Semantics B. Syntax C. Pragmatics D. Morphology
22. Saussure distinguishes the linguistics competence of the speaker as .
A. parole B. language C. system D. langue
23. This fundamental distinction between competence and performance is discussed by .
A. Chomsky B. Saussure C. Bloomfield D. Austin

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