句子插入题-Insert-Text-Questions.doc

句子插入题 Insert Text Questions
句子插入题是考察方式相对单一的一种题型，提问方式就是：
Where would the sentence best fit?（哪个句子最合适），这就意味着我们可以省略题干不看。
You need to understand the logic of the passage as well as the grammatical connections (like pronoun references) between sentences.
（理解文章逻辑和语法联系比如指代现象）。官方指南分析句间逻辑。而句间逻辑常见体现的方式就是逻辑关系词（因果、转折、递进、并列等）和指代词。

l 识别：小黑方块
1.出题原理：指代线索/逻辑线索/组织结构和语义线索
2.解题步骤与要点：
① 找线索词并积极对插入句上下文做预测
② 从第一个小黑方块前一句话开始读，逐一代入进行验证
③ 插入句必须满足前后两条线索，先前再后。（先用前线索再看后线索）

3.三种常用线索：
⑴指代线索：指代词（this, these, their，such, another, other, they, it为线索词）必然有所指代。
指代词后边若有名词短语，则向前寻找名词短语的同义改写／指代词必然有所指代

Paragraph 1: What do you remember about your life before you were three? ■Few people can remember anything that happened to them in their early years．■Adults' memories of the next few years also tend to be scanty．■Most people remember only a few events--usually ones that were meaningful and distinctive，such as being hospitalized or a sibling’s birth. ■
1. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Other important occasions are school graduations and weddings.

Paragraph 6：Their competition and collaboration were creating the broadcasting industry in the United States, beginning with the introduction of commercial radio programming in the early 1920s. ■With financial assets considerably greater than those in the motion picture industry, and perhaps a wider vision of the relationships among entertainment and communications media, they revitalized research into recording sound for motion pictures. ■In 1929 the United States motion picture industry released more than 300 sound films—a rough figure, since a number were silent films with music tracks, or films prepared in dual versions, to take account of the many cinemas not yet wired for sound. ■At the production level, in the United States the conversion was virtually complete by 1930. ■In Europe it took a little longer, mainly because there were more small producers for whom the costs of sound were prohibitive, and in other parts of the world problems with rights or access to equipment delayed the shift to sound production for a few more years (though cinemas in major cities may have been wired in order to play foreign sound films). The triumph of sound cinema was swift, complete, and enormously popular.
2. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
When this research resulted in the development of vastly improved sound techniques, film studios became convinced of the importance of converting to sound.

Paragraph 5: Not only could Smith identify rock strata by the fossils they contained, he could also see a pattern emerging：certain fossils always appear in more ancient sediments, while others begin to be seen as the strata become more recent. ■By following the fossils．Smith was able to put all the strata of England's earth into relative temporal sequence. ■About the same time, Georges Cuvier made the same discovery while studying the rocks around Paris. ■Soon it was realized that this principle of faunal(animal)succession was valid not only in England or France but virtually everywhere. ■It was actually a principle of floral succession as well, because plants showed the same transformation through time as did fauna. Limestone may be found in the Cambrian or--300 million years later--in the Jurassic strata but a trilobite—the ubiquitous marine arthropod that had its birth in the Cambrian—will never be found in Jurassic strata, nor a dinosaur in the Cambrian.
3. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage
The findings of these geologists inspired others to examine the rock and fossil records in different parts of the world．

⑵ 逻辑线索：
①插入句或黑方块附近出现转折对比标识词时（but, however, nevertheless为线索词）：
转折句中的主语前边可能提到过

Paragraph 5—6：The reaction of farmers to the inevitable depletion of the Ogallala varies. Many have been attempting to conserve water by irrigating less frequently or by switching to crops that require less water. ■Other, however, have adopted the philosophy that it is best to use the water while it is still economically profitable to do so and to concentrate on high-value crops such as cotton. ■The incentive of the farmers who wish to conserve water is reduced by their knowledge that many of their neighbors are profiting by using great amounts of water, and in the process are drawing down the entire region’s water supplies. ■

In the face of the upcoming water supply crisis, a number of grandiose schemes have been developed to transport vast quantities of water by canal or pipeline from the Mississippi, the Missouri, or the Arkansas rivers. ■Unfortunately, the cost of water obtained through any of these schemes would increase pumping costs at least tenfold, making the cost of irrigated agricultural products from the region uncompetitive on the national and international markets.
1．Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
But even if uncooperative farmers were to join in the conservation efforts, this would only delay the depletion of the aquifer.

②插入句或黑方块附近出现表示原因结果/总结结论标识词时(thus, therefore, hence，consequently, accordingly为线索词)：排除段首位置，注意因果逻辑关系/总结结论句中的元素必与上一句有所对应
Paragraph 3：The subjects of the paintings are mostly animals. The paintings rest on bare walls, with no backdrops or environmental trappings. Perhaps, like many contemporary peoples, Upper Paleolithic men and women believed that the drawing of a human image could cause death of injury, and if that were indeed their belief, it might explain why human figures are rarely depicted in cave art. Another explanation for the focus on animals might be that these people sought to improve their luck at hunting. ■This theory is suggested by evidence of chips in the painted figures, perhaps made by spears thrown at the drawings. ■ But if improving their hunting luck was the chief motivation for the paintings, it is difficult to explain why only a few show signs of having been speared. ■ Perhaps the paintings were inspired by the need to increase the supply of animals. Cave art seems to have reached a peak toward the end of the Upper Paleolithic period, when the herds of game were decreasing. ■
2．Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Therefore, if the paintings were connected with hunting, some other explanation is needed.

Paragraph 2 ■Another task for the Glomar Challenger’s scientists was to try to determine the origin of the domelike masses buried deep beneath the Mediterranean seafloor. ■These structures had been detected years earlier by echo-sounding instruments, but they had never been penetrated in the course of drilling. ■Were they salt domes such as are common along the United States Gulf Coast, and if so, why should there have been so much solid crystalline salt beneath the floor of the Mediterranean? ■
3. Look at the four squares ■ that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Thus, scientists had information about the shape of the domes but not about their chemical composition and origin.

⑶组织结构语义线索
①分类列举式段落概述部分作为插入句：概述一般位于段首位置
l 采用分类列举式的段落/文章通常以 （数词+名词复数）的形式出现；TS常用 来标示内容的划分。例：OGP90 P250
Signals for Classification & Simple Listing (分类列举式段落中的标志词)
概述的标示词
groups parts types sorts ways approaches features characteristics explanations
列举的标识词
first, second, third/ moreover /furthermore /in addition /also /besides/some ,one, many…other, another/黑体字

Paragraph 1 ：Photographic evidence suggests that liquid water once existed in great quantity on the surface of Mars. Two types of flow features are seen: runoff channels and outflow channels. Runoff channels are found in the southern highlands. These flow features are extensive systems―sometimes hundreds of kilometers in total length―of interconnecting, twisting channels that seem to merge into larger, wider channels. They bear a strong resemblance to river systems on Earth, and geologists think that they are dried-up beds of long-gone rivers that once carried rainfall on Mars from the mountains down into the valleys. Runoff channels on Mars speak of a time 4 billion years ago (the age of the Martian highlands), when the atmosphere was thicker, the surface warmer, and liquid water widespread.
Paragraph 2 ：Outflow channels are probably relics of catastrophic flooding on Mars long ago. ■They appear only in equatorial regions and generally do not form extensive interconnected networks. ■Instead, they are probably the paths taken by huge volumes of water draining from the southern highlands into the northern plains. ■The onrushing water arising from these flash floods likely also formed the odd teardrop-shaped “islands” (resembling the miniature versions seen in the wet sand of our beaches at low tide) that have been found on the plains close to the ends of the outflow channels. ■Judging from the width and depth of the channels, the flow rates must have been truly enormous―perhaps as much as a hundred times greater than the 105 tons per second carried by the great Amazon river. Flooding shaped the outflow channels approximately 3 billion years ago, about the same times as the northern volcanic plains formed.
1. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
These landscape features differ from runoff channels in a number of ways.

②分类列举式段落列举部分作为插入句（插入句中出现furthermore, moreover, in addition, besides, also）：作为小TS，引出段落中一个新的方面，放在对应support之前；插入句中的主语前边可能提到过。
In many ways college students of the last two decades of the nineteenth century were inextricably involved in the processes of change. The Northern American institutions they attended were undergoing profound transformation. ■It was not just that more students were being admitted. ■These were different students--some were women. In Ontario, Canada, Queen’s University was the first to admit women into degree programs, and the University of Toronto followed suit eight years later in 1884. ■Many of those who now enrolled were experiencing transition not only from a small town or rural area to an urban environment, but also from adolescence to young adulthood. ■Universities had to adjust to the needs of students who were less mature and less settled in their interests.
1. Look at the four squares [■] which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
Moreover, as colleges ceased to cater more narrowly to candidates for the religious ministry and the professions and came to be seen as a logical continuation of secondary school, younger students began to predominate.

■Modern architectural forms generally have three separate components comparable to elements of the human body; a supporting skeleton or frame, an outer skin enclosing the interior spaces, equipment, similar to the body’s vital organs and systems. ■ The equipment includes plumbing, electrical wiring, hot water, and air-conditioning. ■Of course in early architecture—such as igloos and adobe structures—there was no such equipment, and the skeleton and skin were often one. ■
2．Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.
However, some modern architectural designs, such as those using folded plates of concreter or air-inflated structures, are again unifying skeleton and skin.