高中英语写作技巧.docx

高中英语写作技巧
一 文章开头句型
1-1 对立法 : 先引出其他人的不同看法，然后提出自己的看法或者偏向于某一看法， 适用于有争议性的主题。
[1]. When asked about....., the vast/overwhelming majority of people say that ....... But I think/view a bit differently.
[2]. When it comes to .... , some people believe that ....... Others argue/claim that the opposite/reverse is true. There is probably some truth in both arguements/statements , but (I tend to the former/latter ...)
[3]. Now, it is commonly/generally/widely believed/held/acknowledged that .... They claim/ believe/argue that ... But I wonder/doubt whether.....
1-2 现象法 引出要剖析的现象或者问题，然后评论。
[1]. Recently the rise in problem of/(phenomenon of) ... has cause/aroused public/popular/wide/ worldwide concern.
[2]. Recently the issue of the problem of/the phenomenon of ...has been brought into focus. ( has been brought to public attention)
[3].Inflation/Corruption/Social inequality ... is yet another of the new and bitter truth we have to learn to face now/constantly.
 1-3 观点法 ----开门见山，直接了当地提出自己对要讨论的问题的看法。
[1]. Now people in growing/significant numbers are beginnig/coming to realize/accept/(be aware) that...
[2]. Now there is a growing awareness/recognation of the necessity to......Now people become increasingly aware/conscious of the importance of ......
[3]. Perhaps it is time to have a fresh look at the attitude/idea that.......
 1-4 引用法 ----- 先引出名人名言或者有代表性的看法，来引出文章要展开论述的观点。
[1]. "Knowledge is power." such is the remark made by Bacon.This remark has been shared by more and more people .
"Education is not complete with graduation." such is the opinion of a great American philosopher. Now more and more people share his opinion.
[2].How often do we hear statements like  ".........".
In our own days we are used to hearing such traditional complains as this "......".
1-5 比较法 通过对过去、现在两种不同的倾向、观点的比较，引出文章要讨论的观点。
[1]. For years, ...had been viewed as ... But people are taking a fresh look now. With the growing ... , people ....... .
[2]. People used to think that ... (In the past, ....) But people now share this new...
1-6 故事法 ---- 先讲一个较短的故事来引发读者的兴趣，引出文章的主题。
[1]. Once in (a newspaper) , I read of/learnt .... The phenemenon of ... has aroused public concern.
[2]. I have a friend who ... Should he .... ? Such a dilemma we are often confront with in our daily life.
[3]. Once upon a time , there lived a man who ... This story may be (unbelievable) , but it still has a realistic significance now.
 1-7 问题法 ----- 先用讨论或解答的设问，引出自己观点， 适用于有争议性的话题。.
Should/What ...... ? Options of ... vary greatly , some ..., others ...
But in my opinion , ...... .
 二、  文章中间主体内容句型
原因结果分析
2-1. 基本原因 --- 分析某事物时, 用此句型说明其基本的或者多方面的原因.
[1]. Why ... ? For one thing.. For another
[2]. The answer to this problem invovles many factors. For one thing... For another...... Still another ...
[3]. A number of factors , both physical and psychological affect .... /both individual and social contribute to ....
 2-2 另一原因 --------> 在分析了基本原因之后, 再补充一个次要的或者更重要时用!
[1]. Another important factor is ....
[2]. ... is also responsible for the change/problem.
[3]. Certainly , the ... is not the sole reason for .....
 2-3 后果影响 --------- 分析某事物可能造成的后果或者带来的影响 .
[1]. It will produce a profound/far-reaching effect/impact on....
[2]. It involves some serious consequence for ........

 2-4  比较对照句型
2-4-1. 两者比较 ---> 比较两事物, 要说出其一超过另一个, 或肯定一事物的优点, 也肯定其缺点的时候用 !
[1]. The advantages gained from A are much greater than the advantages we gain from B.
[2]. Indeed, A carries much weight when compared with B.
[3]. There is no doubt that it has its negative effects as well as positive effects.
2-4-2 . 两者相同/相似 ------> 比较两事物共同都有或者共同都没有的特点时用!
[1]. A and B have several things in common. They are similar in that.....
[2]. A bears some striking resemblance(s) to B.
 三、 文章结尾形式
3-1 结论性--------- 通过对文章前面的讨论 ,引出或重申文章的中心思想及观点 .
[1]. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that .....
[2]. In summary/In a word , it is more valuable .......
 3-2 后果性------ 揭示所讨论的问题若不解决, 将产生的严重后果.
[1]. We must call for an immediate method , because the current phenomenon of ... , if allowed to proceed, will surely lead to the heavy cost of .......
[2]. Obviously , if we ignore/are blind to the problem , there is every chance that .. will be put in danger.
 3-3 号召性 -------- 呼吁读者行动起来, 采取行动或提请注意..
[1]. It is time that we urged an immediate end to the undesirable tendency of ......
[2]. It is essential that effective measures should be taken to correct the tendency
 3-4 建议性 -------- 对所讨论的问题提出建议性的意见, 包括建议和具体的解决问题的方法.
[1]. While it cannot be solved immediately, still there are ways. The most popular is .... Another method is ... Still another one is .....
[2]. Awareness/Recognition of the problem is the first step toward the situation.
3-5 方向性的结尾方式 ---- 其与建议性的唯一差别就是对问题解决提出总的, 大体的方向或者指明前景..[1]. Many solutions are being offered here , all of them make some sense, but none is adequate enough. The problem should be recognized in a wide way .
[2]. There is no quick method to the issue of .., but .. might be helpful/benefical.
[3]. The great challenge today is ...... There is much difficulty , but ........
 3-6 意义性的结尾方式 --------> 文章结尾的时候,从更高的更新的角度指出所讨论的问题的重要性以及其深远的意义!
 [1]. Following these suggestions may not guarantee the success, but the payoff might be worth the effort . It will not only benefit but also benefit .....
[2]. In any case, whether it is positive or negative, one thing is certain that it will undoubtedly ..
四如何写主题句
１．建议放在第一句
２．多用肯定句
３．语意明确，是段落轴心（段落中的每一句都与其相关）
       One day, I was flying from Shanghai to Yunnan. When the plane took off, the wind was blowing, and it was raining hard. I was a little nervous.. . .
       直接写出
       My worst experience happened on an airplane in August 1995.
五、如何发展段落
１．引用例子或个人经验／感受
２．定义某一个原则或概念
３．详细说明主题句
范例一 （详细说明two cities, taste）
A visitor to my country should visit two cities to get a taste of the country. From north to south, the traveler should stop at _______ which is mainly an industrial city with many tall buildings and stores. After he has seen _______, the traveler should drive south toward _________. He will see (the sea) as he drives along the coast. When he arrives in _______, he will find a friendly city, with many fruit trees and plants.
范例二　（定义kind）
 My mother was one of the kindest people on earth. When I was young, she would overlook almost all my mistakes and gently correct me. My mother would often be nice to other children in the neighborhood by sharing my food, toys, and even clothes with them.
范例三 （详细说明主题句serious problem）
 For most people nowadays, the need of energy is a serious problem. In industrialized countries, people need a lot of gas and electricity. Economists and political leaders continually warn us about the problem. They encourage us to save energy by driving less, turning down heaters, and turning off lights.
范例四 （详细说明several important qualities＋举例）
 My ideal husband would have to have several important qualities. First he would be kind and loving. For example, he would never stay angry for long and he would always find little ways to make life more fun for his family. Second he would be willing to share with me the responsibilities of the household. He would, for instance, do some of the cooking, laundry, and cleaning. He would also share in the raising of our children. Finally, he would be tall and thin with dark eyes.
 常用于引言的字句-「起」
1. As an old English saying goes, “………” 有句英文谚语是这么说的，…
2. There is no denying (doubt) that S+ V… 不可否认的是…
3. Generally speaking, S + V….. 一般说来…
4. According to my personal experience, S + V…    In my opinion, Personally, I like/think, 根据我个人的经验…
5. Nothing in the world can delight me so much as +     Ving….. 世界上没有什麼比做…让我更高兴了。
6. As far as I know… 就我所知…
7. As far as I can recall, S + V… 就我印象所及…
 常用于延展的字句-「承」
1. Indeed; It is true that + S + V…; Quite true; Rightly so, 的确…
2. To be honest, Frankly speaking; 事实上
3. It is widely believed that + S + V…; Belief has it that + S + V… 诚如所信
4. For example; For instance; To take + N+ for an example, S + V… 以…为例子…
5. We have reasons to believe that + S + V….. 我们有理由相信…
6. In fact; As a matter of fact, S + V….. 事实上…
7. Likewise, In a similar fashion, Similarly 同样地
8. In other words; To be specific; 换句话说; 详细地说
9. As mentioned from above, 如前所述
 常用于语气转换的字句-「转」
1. However, Nevertheless, Granted that 然而…
2. Despite +N; Despite the fact that + S + V, … 尽管….
3. On the other hand, S + V..… 另一方面…
4. On the contrary, On the opposite, In contrast 相反的是…
5. When compared to A, B + V, 与A相比, B….
 常用于结论的字句-- 「合」
1. From this point of view, S + V…. 从这观点来看…
2. In a word, S + V…. 总而言之…
3. To sum up, S + V; To conclude; In conclusion 总之…
4. If we can really put + N + into action, S + V…… 如果我们能付诸实行…
5. Last but not least, S + V…. 最后…
 常用转折词
（1） 因此；结果︰as a result, consequently, as a consequence, in consequence, hence, therefore, accordingly, thus, on this ground, because of this
（2） 顺序: first/firstly in the first place, second/secondly, next, finally
（3）此外︰in addition, additionally, besides, furthermore, moreover, also, what's more
（4） 然而︰however, nevertheless
（5） 换言之︰that is, that is to say, namely, in other words, to put it differently
（6） 同样地︰likewise, similarly, in the similar way
（7） 相反地︰instead, on the contrary, by contrast, conversely
 六、头尾呼应
１．首句及末句不能相互矛盾
２．末句不要重复首句
范例一首句：You can learn many things from traveling that you cannot learn any other way.
末句：I learned a lot more about Australia from that experience than a book or TV show could have taught me.
首句：For the class reunion, I have decided that we should have a beach party.
末句：This reunion will be a way of fulfilling our promise to each other, as well as reminding ourselves of the value of our friendship.
当句子、概念和细节清楚地结合时，读者很容易就可以理解，而文章也会有连贯性。在文章中，所要表达的概念要流畅并清楚地联结在一起。
要建立读者所需的连结，你可以使用下列的方法：
 Repetition of a Key Term or Phrase(重复关键词或片语)
这个方式有助于集中想法并让读者跟上你的思路。
 Example:The problem with contemporary art is that it is not easily understood by most people. Contemporary art is deliberately abstract, and that means it leaves the viewer wondering what she is looking at.
 同义字 同义字是实质上具有相同意涵的语词，他们提供你多样化的文字选择，还帮助读者把注意力放在被讨论的重点idea being discussed
 Example:Myths narrate sacred histories and explain sacred origins. These traditional narratives are, in short, a set of beliefs that are a very real force in the lives of the people who tell them.
 代名词 This, that, these, those, he, she, it, they, and we是很有用的代名词，用以指涉先前提到的东西。然而要注意，你所指涉的东西要很明确。
 Example:When scientific experiments do not work out as expected, they are often considered failures until some other scientist tries them again. Those that work out better the second time around are the ones that promise the most rewards.
 转折语在英文中有许多语词是给读者提示句子间的关係，还有连结句子的作用。你将会发现以下的语词都是转折语：however, therefore, in addition, also, but, moreover等。
 Example:I like autumn, and yet autumn is a sad time of the year, too. The leaves turn bright shades of red and the weather is mild, but I can't help thinking ahead to the winter and the ice storms that will surely blow through here. In addition, that will be the season of chapped faces, too many layers of clothes to put on, and days when I'll have to shovel heaps of snow from my car's windshield.
 句子的形式：有时候，重复或对应的句法形式可以帮助读者跟上文章内容，并将文章的概念融合在一起。
 Example:(from a speech by President John F. Kennedy) And so, my fellow Americans: ask not what your country can do for you--ask what you can do for your country.
必备经典句子
1. There are at least two criteria(标准) to distinguish（辨别，判断） what is………
至少有两个标准去判断。。。是。。。
2. A thousand –li journey is starting by taking the first step.千里之行，始于足下
3. All things are difficult before they are easy.万事开头难
4. A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。
5. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.世上无难事，只要肯登攀。
6. No pains,no gains.没有付出就没有收获
7. Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母
8. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧
9. Where there is a will ,there is a way.有志者事竟成
10. Every coin has two sides.事物有利有弊
11. To choose time is to save time .合理安排时间就是节约时间

范文
◎参与报社等讨论稿（带手机利弊）
Dear Editor:
[引出话题] I’m a senior three student. I’m writing to tell you my opinion on whether middle school students can go to school with mobile phones. [赞成]I think they can do that. Because students can keep in touch with their friends and family wherever they are. Besides, the mobile phone is a way to have fun.
[反对] However, every coin has 2 sides. There are some problems with using mobile phones. The ring of phones can disturb teachers and students in the classroom. Another students is that some students can spend too much time and money on phone calls and sending messages.
[个人观点] In conclusion, I suggest students not use phones in the classroom. Also, as it is expensive, the owner should take good care of it.
Yours
Ming
作业
你叫李宏，你校在为一批来自加拿大的交流学生征寻为期两周的住宿家庭。你有意申请，写封信说明你申请的理由。(包括所具备的条件)。

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