国际市场营销教材课后名词解释.docx

International Marketing Terms Defination
Edited by Pengkai
Defination
1. Define the following terms:
international marketing P9
International marketing is the performance of business activities designed to
plan, price, promote, and direct the flow of a company's goods and service to

Consumer or users in more than one nation for a profit.

controllable/uncontrollable elements P10
The elements of business environment which under/beyond the the control of
companies.

domestic/foreign uncontrollables P11
Aspects of the domestic/foreign environment that are beyond the control of
companies

SRC Self-Reference Criterion P14
An unconscious reference to one's own cultural values, experiences, and knowledge
as a basis for decision.

Ethnocentrism P14
The notion that people in one’s own company, culture, or country knows best how
to do things.

Global Awareness P16
Tolerance of cultural difference and knowledge of cultures, history, world market
potential, and global economic, social, and political trends.

2. Define

GATT P27
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade: (1) trade shall be conducted on a
non-discriminatory Basis; (2) protection shall be afforded domestic industries
through customs tariffs, not through such commercial measures as import quotas;
(3) consultation shall be the primary method used to solve global trade problems.

WTO P28
World Trade Organization

IMF P30
International Monetary Fund: Stabilize foreign exchange rates, facilitate the
expansion and balance growth of international trade.

EMU P36
Economic and Monetary Union: A provision of the Maastricht Treaty, established
the parameters of the creation of a common currency for the EU, the euro,and
established a timetable for its implemention.

NAFTA P39
North American Free Trade Agreement: Market access, Nontariff barriers, Rules of
origin,Customs administration, Investment, Service, Intellectual
property,Government property, Government procurement, Standards.

ASEAN + 3 P42
Association of Southeast Asian Nations plus China, Japan, and South Korea: To
deal with trade and monetary issues facing Asia.

APEC P42
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation: is a forum, far from being a free trade
area.Common goals as to open trade, to increase economic collaboration, to sustain
regional growth and development,to strengthen the multilateral trading system and
to reduce barriers to investment and trade without detriment to other economics.

BEMs P49
big emerging markets: A small core of countries that account for more than half of
the world trade growth over the next two decades, these country are identified as
BEMs. See their important traits at Page 49, 50.

BOPMs P48
Bottom-of-the-pyramid market: A new concept introduced into the discussion of
developing countries and markets. They are not defined by national borders but
rather by the pockets of poverty across countries.

3. Define the following terms:
Manifest Destiny P62
Basis of U.S. Foreign policy: Americans were a chosen people ordained by God to
create a model society. More superficially, it referred to the territorial expansion of
the U.S. from the Atlantic to the Pacific.

Monroe Doctrine P62
A cornerstone of early U.S. Foreign policy, proclaiming three basic dicta: no further
European colonization in the New world, abstention of the Unite States from
European political affairs, and nonintervention of European governments in the
governments of the Western Hemisphere.

Roosevelt Corollary P62
Monroe Doctrine with an extension applied by Roosevelt: Not only would the U.S.
Prohibit non-American intervention in Latin American affairs, but it would also
police the area and guarantee that Latin American nations met their international
obligations.

Sustainable development P68
A joined approach among those (governments),businesses, environmentalists, and
the others) who seek economic growth with "wise resource management, equitable
distribution of benefits and reduction of negative efforts on people and the
environments from the process of economic grows"

4. Define the following terms

culture P82
Culture is the human-made part of human environment----the sum total of
knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, laws customs, and any other capabilities and habits
acquired by humans as members of society. or P85 is the sum of the values,
rituals,symbols, beliefs, and thought processes that are learned and shared by a
group of people, then transmitted from generation to generation.

culture value P92
A culture's values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just. See P91—P92 how culture values influnence various types of business and market behavior comes from seminal work by Geert Hofstede.

culture sensitivity P98
Being attuned to the nuances of culture so that a new culture can be viewed objectively, evaluated, and appreciated.

linguistic distance P95
A new concept measuring the relationship between language diffence and
transaction cost.

social insititutions P88
social institutions including family, religion, school, the media, governments,and
corporations all effec the ways in which people relate to one another, organize their
activities to live in harmony with one another, teache acceptable behaviour to
succeeding generations, and govern themselves.

cultural borrowing P99
cultural borrowing is a responsible effort to learn from others’ cultural ways in the
quest for better solutions to a society’s particular problems.

factual knowledge P98
A straightfoward fact about a culture but assumes additional significance when
interpreted within the context of the culture.

Interpretive knowledge P98
The kind of knowledge most dependent on past experience for interpretation and
most frequently prone to misintrepretetaion if one’s home country frame of
reference (SRC) is used.

aesthetics P95
Arts, folklore, music, drama, dance, dress and cosmetics in a culture.

strategy of unplanned /planned cultural change P102
intoduce a productm and hope for the best / deliberately set out to change those aspects of the culture offering resistance to predetermined marketing goals.

strategy of cultural congruennce P102
This srtategy involces marketting products similar to noes already on the market in a manner as congruent as possible with existing cultural norms, thereby minimizing resisitance.

5. Define the follwing terms
cultural imperatives P108
Cultural imperatives are the business customs and expectations that must be met
and conformed to or avoid if relationship are to be successful.

cultural electives P109
cultural electives relates to areas of behaviour or to customs that cultural aliens may
wish to conform to or participate in but that are not required.

cultural exclusives P109
Cultural exclusives are those customs or behaviour patterns reserved exclusively
for the locals and from which the foreigner is barred.

FCPA P129
Foreign Corrupt Practices Act

P-time / M-time P119
P-time, or polychronic time, is characterized by the simultaneous occurrence of
many things and by "a great involvement with people."
M-time, or monochronic time, is used on those western cultures tend to concentrate
on one thing at a time.

subornation P129
Subornation involves giving large sum of money--frequently not properly
accounted for--designed to entice an official to commit an illegal act on behalf of
the one offering the bribe.

the principles of Utilitarian ethics P131
Does the action optimize the "common good" or benefits of all constituencies? And
who are the pertinent constituencies.?

the principles of Justice or fairness P131
Does the action respect the canons of justice or fairness to all parties involved?

silent language

6. Defining the following terms

sovereignty P138
A sovereignty state is independent and free from all external control; enjoys full
legal equality with other states; governs its own territory;select its own political,

economic, and social systems; and has the power to enter into agreements with
other nations

Nationalism P142
Nationalism can be best described as an intense feeling of national pride and unity,
an awakening of a nation's people to pride in their country.

Confiscation, Expropriation, Domestication P144
Confiscation: the seizing of a company's assets without payment
Expropriation: the government seizes an investment but makes some
reimbursement for the assets.
Domestication: host countries gradually cause the transfer of foreign investments to
national control and ownership through a series of government decrees that
mandate local ownership and greater national involvement in a company's
management.

PSAs, NGOs P147
Political and social activists (PSAs) can range from those who seek to bring about
peaceful change to those who resort to violence and terrorism to effect change.
Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)

7. Define the following terms:
Common / code / Islamic law P159
Common law, derived from English law and found in England, the United States,
Canada, and other countries once under English influence;
Code law, derived from Roman law and found in Germany, Japan, France, and
non-Islamic and non-Marxist countries.
Islamic law, derived from the interpretation of the Koran and found in Pakistan,
Iran, Saudi Arabia, and other Islamic states.

Marxist-socialist tenets P162

Prior use versus registration P169
Ownership is established by prior use in a common-law country, but it is
established by registration.

Conciliation P163
Conciliation (also knows as mediation) is a nonbinding agreement between parties
to resolve disputes by asking a third party to mediate differences.

Arbitration P164
The usual arbitration procedure is for the parties involved to select a disinterested
and informed party or parties as referees to determine the merits of the case and
make a judgement that both parties agree to honor.

Litigation P166
Lawsuits in public courts.

Cybersquatters (CSQs) P174
Cybersquatters buy and register descriptive nouns, geographic names, names of
ethnic groups and pharmaceutical substances, and other similar descriptors and
hold them until they can be sold at inflated price.