大力核聚变锂电池工作原理.doc

使用笔记本电脑的锂电池和45公升的水，核聚变反应堆可以产生
estimated 200,000 kilowatt-hours of electricity — the amount of electricity consumed by one person over the course of 30 years.估计20万千瓦小时的电力 - 一个人在30年的电力消耗。

Unfortunately, the world will probably have to wait another 30 years until this technology is available for use, since that is the time frame of current nuclear fusion projects.不幸的是，世界可能要等待30年，直到这项技术是可以使用的，因为这是目前的核聚变项目的时间框架。

Nuclear fusion is the process by which two nuclei become a single nucleus.核聚变是两个原子核的过程，成为单核。 The resulting nucleus is less massive than the combined mass of the original two nuclei.将得到的核是比原来的两个核的组合质量质量较小。 This difference in mass is released in the form of energy.这种差异在质量被释放的形式的能量。

Scientists hope that one day nuclear fusion will be used in nuclear power plants as an alternative to fossil fuels for producing power.科学家们希望有一天，核聚变将被用来作为一种替代化石燃料生产电力的核电厂。

In the natural world, though, nuclear fusion is very much a reality.然而，在自然的世界里，核聚变是非常现实。 In fact, without nuclear fusion, life on Earth would be very dark — not to mention cold.事实上，如果没有核聚变，地球上的生命将是非常黑暗的 - 更不用提冷。

Stars, including the sun, burn off energy through nuclear fusion.明星，包括太阳，通过燃烧释放能量的核聚变。 At the sun's core, subject to temperatures ranging from 10 to 15 million Kelvin, hydrogen atoms combine to form helium by way of nuclear fusion.在太阳的核心，受到的温度范围从10到15万开氏度，氢原子结合形成氦核聚变方式。

Converting mass to energy is as easy as E = mc2, Einstein's famous formula, where E stands for energy, m stands for mass, and c stands for the speed of light (approximately 300 million meters per second).转换为能源的质量是一样容易，爱因斯坦的著名公式E = MC2，其中E代表的能源，m代表质量，c代表光速的速度（约300万平方米每秒）。 This relationship between mass and energy is precisely why many consider nuclear fusion to be a profitable means of generating electricity.质量和能量之间的这种关系正因为如此，很多人认为核聚变发电是一个赚钱的手段。

In order for two nuclei to fuse, they must first overcome the Coulomb barrier, the quantity of energy required for the strong nuclear force to overcome the electrostatic force.在为了两个原子核融合，他们首先必须克服库仑位垒，所需的能源量为强大的核力量，克服静电的力量。

All nuclei contain protons, and nearly all atoms contain neutrons as well.所有原子核的质子，和几乎所有的原子都包含中子。 Normally, the positive charges in two nuclei repel each other due to the electrostatic force between them, but atraction is not the dominant force in most nuclear fusion reactions.通常情况下，两个原子核的正电荷互相排斥，由于它们之间的静电力，但atraction是不是最核聚变反应的主导力量。

When two nuclei come in contact with one another, the strong nuclear force becomes dominant and attracts the nuclei together.当两个原子核彼此接触，强大的核力量成为主导，吸引了原子核一起。 This is the force that binds particles in a nucleus together.这是结合在核颗粒一起的力。

Consequently, the nuclei respond to an attractive force, allowing a fusion reaction to occur.因此，细胞核响应一个有吸引力的力，使融合反应发生。
In nuclear fusion reactions, elements combine to produce heavier elements.在核聚变反应中，元素相结合，产生更重的元素。

In general, when small elements fuse to form larger elements, the combination results in an exothermic reaction, which is a type of reaction that gives off energy.在一般情况下，当小的基元的融合，以形成较大的元素，在放热反应中，这是一种类型的反应，放出能量的组合结果。 In the sun, for example, hydrogen atoms fuse to form helium.在阳光下，例如，氢原子融合形成氦。 This reaction releases 26.7 mega electron volts (MeV) of energy.这种反应释放能量的26.7兆电子伏（MeV）的。

However, nuclear fusion reactions resulting in elements more massive than iron (which has 56 atoms in its nucleus) are endothermic, meaning that they consume energy.然而，导致更大规模的比铁（其中有56个原子在其核）的元素的核聚变反应是吸热的，这意味着他们消耗能量。

Heavier elements such as iron exceed the curve of binding energy.较重的元素如铁超过结合能的曲线。 In other words, these elements have large atomic numbers, or a high number of protons in their nuclei.换句话说，这些元件具有大的原子数，或者高的其原子核的质子数。 Consequently, the electrostatic force of repulsion overcomes the strong nuclear force.因此，静电排斥力克服了强大的核力量。

On Earth, scientists are focusing on the nuclear fusion reaction between the isotopes deuterium and tritium.在地球上，科学家们之间的同位素氘和氚的核聚变反应。 According to the Lawson criterion, a list of the conditions necessary for nuclear fusion to occur, deuterium-tritium reactions are the most promising fusion reactions.氘 - 氚反应根据劳森判据的核聚变发生的必要条件，一个列表，是最有前途的聚变反应。

When they react, deuterium and tritium fuse to form helium, releasing 14.1 MeV of energy in the process.当他们的反应，氘和氚的保险丝，形成氦的过程中，释放出14.1兆电子伏特的能量。

One of the advantages of this type of reaction is that the reactants, deuterium and tritium, are readily available in nature.这种类型的反应的优点之一是，反应物，氘和氚，在本质上都是现成的。

Deuterium, also known as “heavy hydrogen,” is an isotope of hydrogen with one proton and one neutron.也被称为“重氢，氘，”是氢的同位素与一个质子和一个中子。 The most abundant hydrogen nucleus, also called protium, contains only one proton and no neutrons.最丰富的氢核，也称为氕，只包含一个质子和没有中子。

Deuterium can be extracted from seawater, and the Earth's oceans contain enough deuterium to provide electricity on a global level for about six billion years.氘可以从海水中提取，地球的海洋中含有足够的氘，在全球范围内约六亿元年提供电力。

Tritium is also an isotope of hydrogen, but it contains one proton and two neutrons.氚是氢的同位素，但它包含一个质子和两个中子。 Tritium is radioactive, and so, it is less available than deuterium.氚是放射性的，因此，它比氘量减少。

Tritium is produced as a result of a reaction between an atom of lithum-6 and a neutron.氚作为锂一匹-6和一个中子的原子之间的反应的结果产生的。 Lithium is less plentiful than deuterium, but it still exists in sufficient amounts to power the planet for several hundred years.的锂比氘丰富，但它仍然存在于这个星球上几百年的功率足够的金额。

There are several advantages to generating power using fusion reactions opposed to burning fossil fuels or implementing fission reactions.有几个好处，反对燃烧化石燃料或实施裂变反应的聚变反应发电。

First, fusion reactions are more environmentally friendly than conventional sources of power.首先，核聚变反应更环保比传统的动力源。

When burned, fossil fuels release carbon dioxide, which contributes to the greenhouse effect, or the entrapment of gases in the atmosphere that prevents the sun's re-radiated energy from escaping into space.化石燃料燃烧时，释放的二氧化碳，这有助于温室效应的气体，或包封在大气中，以防止从逃逸到太空的太阳的再辐射能量。 Nuclear fusion power would cause no such effect.核聚变功率，不会造成这样的效果。

Second, nuclear fusion is a safer source of power than its more popular counterpart, nuclear fission .其次，核聚变比其更受欢迎的对手， 核裂变是一个更安全的源动力。

The opposite of nuclear fusion, a nuclear fission reaction involves one heavy element splitting into two lighter elements.与此相反的核聚变，核裂变反应涉及到一个重元素分裂成两个较轻的元素。

Fission reactions often involve the separation of an isotope of uranium with an atomic mass of 235 into elements with atomic masses of about 100.裂变反应往往涉及铀的同位素原子质量元素的原子质量约100到235的分离。 Each reaction produces hundreds of MeV of energy.每个反应产生数百MeV的能量。

Nuclear fission reactions also result in radioactive products, some with half-lives on the order of tens of thousands of years.也可能导致放射性的产品，有的半的顺序几十千百年来生活在核裂变反应。 These products are often relocated to remote areas to prevent contamination, as radiation exposure can be deadly.这些产品往往转移到偏远地区，以防止污染，辐射暴露可能是致命的。

With deuterium and tritium readily available to produce electricity from nuclear fusion, one may wonder why power plants do not simply use nuclear fusion as their main power source.氘和氚容易从核聚变来产生电力，人们可能会问，电厂为什么不干脆使用核聚变作为自己的主要动力来源。

Though nuclear fusion power is much safer than that of fission and more environmentally friendly than fossil fuels, it is still far from becoming a viable source of human energy.虽然核聚变功率是安全得多的裂变和比化石燃料更环保，但仍远成为一种可行的人体能量来源。 In fact, scientists have yet to create a fusion reactor on earth that produces more energy than it consumes.事实上，科学家们还没有建立一个地球上的核聚变反应堆产生更多的能量消耗比。

As stated earlier, nuclear fusion reactions occur at the cores of stars, including the sun, at extremely high temperatures.如前所述，核聚变反应的核心，包括太阳的恒星，在极高的温度下发生的。 On the Earth, it's very difficult to recreate this environment without using a great deal of energy.在地球上，它是非常困难的，重新创建这个环境，而无需使用大量的能源。

The Joint European Torus (JET), a nuclear fusion experiment endorsed by countries throughout the world, including the United States, has run into such a problem.欧洲联合环面（JET），一个核聚变实验认可的国家在世界各地，包括美国，遇到这样的问题。

As of November 2006, the JET was able to produce 16 megawatts of fusion power, though it required 25 megawatts to heat the surrounding plasma.截至2006年11月，JET是能产生16兆瓦的聚变功率，但它需要25兆瓦，周围的等离子体加热。

The JET is currently being refurbished, and scientists hope these changes will bring them one step closer to making nuclear fusion power a source of global energy.飞机是目前正在翻新，科学家们希望这些变化将带来他们核聚变动力的来源，全球能源更近了一步。
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