怎样写好发展句.doc

怎样写好发展句
n 举例法
n 描述法
n 因果法
n 定义法
n 比较法
n 分类法

n 举例法 
在主题句中简要、概括地说明一个段落的主题思想之后，可以用具体的、生动的事例来支撑论证主题，向目标读者展示并使他们具体感受主题句中尚未展开的内容和细节。

n 例如：
  This term several useful and interesting courses have been offered. An Introduction to European Culture, for instance, gives us a lot of background knowledge of the history of European philosophy, literature, and arts. From time to time we see slide shows of famous paintings and hear tapes of famous pieces of music, and they make the lectures all the more interesting. American Society and Culture is another course that attracts a large audience. The teacher, who visited the United States not long ago, discusses new trends and changes in American life as well as American history and traditions. We like these and other courses very much, because they help us not only to improve our English but also to broaden our vision.

n 描述法
1、时间顺序 按时间顺序写作就是按照事物发展在时间上的正常顺序或先后顺序展开段落。在讲述故事或回忆事件时，先发生的先写，后发生的后写。
2、空间顺序 按空间顺序组织材料通常用于描述一个地方、事情或人物外貌等。其文章内容应按照由近及远、由远及近、自下而上、自上而下、按顺时针方向或逆时针方向排列。

时间顺序
My heart gave a leap when I heard the announcement that our train would soon arrive at its destination--- Beijing. Like other passengers, I began to collect my things and put my mug, towel, atlas, apples, and other things into my bag. To the tune of a beautiful song the train pulled into the station and gently stopped by a platform. I walked out of the train and was carried forward by the steam of people into an underground passage and then into a big hall. As I stepped out of the station, I was dazzled by the bright autumn sky of Beijing. Though I had been on the train for more than thirty hours and spent a sleepless night, I didn’t feel tired at all, and I believed my days in this glorious city would be as sunny as the sky.

空间顺序
In the middle of the rectangular- shaped courtyard stood three magnolia trees (木兰), all in full bloom. A little girl was hoping among them, now gazing at a bud, now collecting fallen petals. Under one of the trees stood her parents, who, while keeping an eye on her, were examining the snow white blossoms with great interest and admiration. In front of another tree a young couple, fresh and bright as the flowers, were posing for a picture. At the end of the courtyard a group of youngsters had gathered behind an artist painting a flourishing limb, which looked so charming and real that a boy stooped to sniff at a half-open flower.

n 因果法
因果分析是常用的拓展段落的方法之一，一定要注意推理的逻辑性因果关系必须表达清楚，不能因果混淆，更不能因果倒置，要避免牵强附会和循环论证。一个原因可能造成一个或多个结果，也可能在一大段文章中涉及到一连串因果关系。一个结果也可能由多种原因所引起，通常先写结果，后写多种原因；但也可先写原因后写结果。另外，如果强调原因或结果，可用倒装或强调句型加以突出。

There are four major reasons why I like New York City. First of all, I think it is a beautiful city. It is filled with steel, glass skyscrapers, charming, old stone buildings, and attractive parks and squares. Second, I enjoy the cultural life which New York offers. In addition, I appreciate the light entertainment the city gives. Finally I like the diversity of people in New York City.

n 定义法 
有时候为了避免混淆或误解，我们必须对一个词、一条术语或谚语、一个概念通过下定义加以说明、解释。通常有三种方法下定定义：给出同义词、用一个带有定语从句的复合句或用一整段文章，而以第三种方法最为常用。1997年1月份四级考试的作文Practice Makes Perfect就是一篇极为典型的定义型文章。再看下面的例子：

n A “liberated woman” is simply a woman who controls her own life, rather than allowing it to be controlled by other people, traditions, or expectations. A “liberated woman” can be found pursuing any line of work, including housework, or no work at all. She may or may not be married; she may or may not have born children. She may belong to any race; she may have attained any age. She need have only one trait in common with her “liberated sisters”: she makes her own choices, whether they be the colors on her walls or the advanced degrees she seeks. She acts of her own volition, responsible to herself, and not out of fear of what her mother, lover, or neighbor might say.

n 比较和对比 比较(comparison)主要是指出两个或两个以上不同种类的事物的共同点或相似之处，如人物、地点、事物、思想、观点等。对照(contrast)主要是指出它们的不同点。相同的或类似的特征可以组成比较，不同的特征则可以组成对照。不仅如此，比较和对比常常同时使用，这是因为比较中往往隐含着对比。

 　　比较和对比常有两种形式，即整体比较和对比(block comparison and contrast)与逐项比较(alternating comparison)。

n I have two good friends. They are quite different in character and yet have something in common. One of them is a jolly fellow and fond of company, and the other is a quiet and rather unsociable sort of chap. The jolly one likes all kinds of games. He is clever, but he doesn't care much for books. The other one, however, likes being alone and loves reading. He never plays games. In spite of all these differences, they are both so kind and sympathetic, so honest and straight-forward, so loyal and true. They are both fine and unselfish fellows. I like them both.

n 分类法
所谓“分类”就是根据人物和事物的特征将他们/它们分别归入各自不同的范畴。在写这一类段落时，一定要抓住各个类别的典型特征，不要异类相串，混淆起来。

n According to Xiao Li, the fifteen students of his class fall into three groups. Seven of them work hard and study well. They always get good marks in examinations and are often praised by the teachers. Li calls them “good students”. The monitor, the sectary of the Youth League branch, and the captain of the class volleyball team, are quick in finding out what their fellow students are interested in or what they should do as a collective. They always organize proper activities at the proper time, so Li calls them “good organizers”. Four other students are very kind to their classmates, always ready to lend them a helping hand. They help to clean the classroom and the corridor even when they are not on duty. Li says that they are “good fellows”. “What about yourself?” someone asks him. “I’m a group by myself --- a good observer.”

段落的连贯性
n 为了使文章连贯，即从一个思想顺利自然地过渡到另一个思想，我们在写作中常常需要使用某个衔接性的词语，能起到这种作用的 连词，副词或词组，被统称为过渡词。无论使 从引言转到正文，还是从正文转到结论段，往往都需要运用过渡词。

1 表达时间的 过渡词
afterward, at present, at the same time, currently, in the meantime, lately, meanwhile, recently, since, then, soon, soon after,today

2 表达次序的 过渡词
First of all, First …Second …Third …,Firstly …Secondly …Thirdly …,First …Then …Finally …, In the first place, To begin with …Next …Finally …

3 表示原因，理由和结果的过渡词
accordingly, as a result, because, because of, consequently, due to, for this reason, hence, in this way, so, therefore, thus

4 表示比较或对比的 过渡词
conversely, despite, equally important, in spite of, likewise, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the other hand, similarly

5 表达进一步说明或强调的过渡词
besides, furthermore, in addition, in particular, moreover, what is more

6 表达总结，结论的过渡词
as has been noted, as I have said, in brief, in conclusion, in short, in summary, to sum up

7 文章开头常用的过渡词及短语
As the proverb says, Everybody knows that, Generally speaking, It is known to us that, It is true that, Many people are much interested in the question that, There is no doubt that
8 文章结尾常用的过渡词及短语
Eventually, From this point of view, In my opinion, In summary, On account of this we can find that, On the whole, Personally, Thus this is the reason why we must …
三、高分写作
（一）选词
1. As is known to us, the problem of human population has long been a subject of discussion among the peoples of different countries in the world.

2. It is well known to us all that the supermarket is playing
a more and more important role in our daily life.

3. Nowadays, with the rapid development of economy, the government emphasizes
the environmental protection.

4. When asked about the function of media, many
people agree to the first view.
此外，表示“多”的词还有：vast, quite a few, an army of, an ocean of , a sea of , a great number of…

5. Cheating in exam happens
in our daily life.
Dishonesty occurred more and more in our society.

6. They believe that reading extensively can help to enlarge our view and grasp the general knowledge in different fields.
believe: hold, argue, maintain, harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that…

7.It is important to take the effective measures immediately
important: vital, significant, notable…

8. I don’t agree constant job-hopping, as the saying goes “ Jack of all trades, master of none.”
support/agree: be in favor of, approve of
9. Most parents disagree to the cross-national marriage.
disagree: disapprove of, frown on

10. Some people prefer coffee, while others like tea.
like: prefer, feel inclined to
11. However, I think it is necessary and good to take CET-4. The reasons are obvious.
good: beneficial (有益的), perfect, pleasant, positive, proper…

11. Obviously, the picture shows that a culture of one nation may become international, which is beneficial to all the human beings.
show: indicate, reveal, suggest, prove

12. As the number shows, nearly 200 billion dollars are lost in tobacco every year.
number: figure, statistics

（二）句子中慎用的开头方式
n 避免一味用 There is 开头。
There are more and more people who realize the relation between examination and teaching methods.
The relation between the examination and teaching methods is increasingly recognized.

2. 避免一味用People, I, We 开头
We will always remember the smile on her face.
The smile on her face will be firmly rooted in our minds.
We certainly should offer good service.
Good service is certainly required.

3. 主动可以改成被动。
We are making great efforts to improve our English.
Great efforts are being made to improve our English.
At the tea party, they served tea and cakes.
At the tea party, tea and cakes were served.
（三）长句的变换
Last week, I went to the theater. I had a very good seat. The play was very interesting. I did not enjoy it. A young man and young woman were sitting behind me. They were talking loudly. I got very angry. I could not hear the actors. I turned round…
Last week, I went to the theatre and had a very good seat. Though the play was very interesting, I did not enjoy it because a young man and a young woman sitting behind me were talking loudly. So I got very angry for I could not hear the actors. I turned round…

根据语义关系，把其中一句转换成定语从句
There are some parts of the world.
In these parts people even now cannot read and write.
There are some parts of the world where people even now cannot read and write.

四、写作中常出现句法以及错误分析
（一）There be 句型
n There were times in history when little attention was focused on the education of the young.
n There has been a rapid increase in people’s average income.
n There would be no life without water.
n There must be something wrong.

注： there 还可以与 seem, appear, remain, live, exist 等表示存在、状态的词连用
4. There exist different opinions on housing problem in big cities.
注：如有几个并列的名词作主语，而第一个是单数，那be 动词也用单数形式
5. There is a newly-built university, two modern office buildings and some well-known research institutes in this area.

n 错句分析：
1. There are the other people think the money is the root of all evil.

2. To solve the problem of fake commodities, there are several thing must be done.

练习
1. 近年来，人们的生活水平有了稳步提高
There has been a steady rise in people’s living standard in recent years.

2. 毫无疑问，有了计算机的帮助，人们能生活得更容易。
There is no doubt that people can live a much easier life with the help of computers.
（二）比较结构
注意句子的比较对象要十分明确。
如：“北京的天气比上海的好”
误：The climate of Beijing is better than Shanghai.
正The climate of Beijing is better than that of Shanghai.

1.形容词和副词比较级
较高程度：形容词或副词+er/ more +形容词或副词 + than
较低程度：less +形容词或副词 + than
修饰词语：much, even, still, a little, slightly, far, any, no, a good deal, a lot, rather, considerably, etc.
(1). Our life is much better than before.
(2). Those who are rich but lose their health are no more fortunate than those who are poor.

2. 形容词和副词最高级
三个或三个以上的人或物进行比较。形容词或副词 + est / most +形容词或副词 (注：形容词最高级前通常加 the ) + of / in 引导的范围。
修饰词：by far,, nearly, almost, quite ,etc.
n Bicycles are the most important and popular means of transportation in China.
n It became by far the most widely used code(密码，代码) because it was the easiest to understand and the fastest to transmit.

3. as … as … 和 not as / so … as… 结构
比较两个或两类人或事物时，表示“同样的程度”；用否定表示“不及某种程度”。 注意 as/so … as 之间只用形容词或副词原形。
如：
(1) I think spoken English is as important as written English.
(2) Things didn’t go as smoothly as we had expected.

还可使用一些修饰语，如 quite, almost, nearly, just, twice (three times, half) 等。
(1) He earns nearly three times as much as he used to.
(2) He doesn’t behave half as well as his brother.

4. the more … the more… 结构
形式：the +形容词或副词比较级 + 主语 +谓语， the +形容词或副词比较级 + 主语 +谓语
(1) The more you practice, the better you will write.
(2) The more friends one has, the richer and more colorful his life will be.

5. 隐含形式的比较级
如：
senior to 年长于， 职位高于 junior to 年少于， 职位低于
superior to 好于，优于 inferior to 次于，不如
prior to 在… 之前，比…重要

1) He is three years senior to me.
(2) Women are by no means inferior to men in many respects.
(3) Cars are superior in speed to bicycles.

n 错句分析：
1. With the development of the economy, their living conditions will be more and more good.

2. I like that program much more than anyone

3. Compared with cars, bicycles are less expensive, occupy less room than cars.

练习
1. 你工作越努力，获得的成功就会越大。
The harder you work, the greater success you will gain.
n 实际上， 孩子们与父母之间的分歧并不象我们想象的那样大。
In fact, the gap between children and their parents is not so wide as we expect.
3. 现在人们对水果和蔬菜的需求大大超过了对肉食品的需求。
Now people have a much greater demand for fruits and vegetables than for meat.