当代中国公共建筑公共性的迷失.doc

当代中国公共建筑公共性的迷失
摘　要：人只有在少数的活动时间里才会呆在居住建筑这种非常私密的空间中，其余的时间和空间都用于交流和享受公共服务。在经济全球化，人口膨胀，资源紧张，竞争激烈的现代社会，人们越来越需要一种公共归属感，一个交流与分享的平台，寻求释放焦虑和压力的空间。在这样的时代背景下，为了适应时代的发展和大众心理新的需求，公共建筑应该更具综合性、公共性，成为城市的文化交流节点。

关键词：公共建筑 公共性 节点
　　公共建筑，直白一些，就是民用建筑中除去居住建筑的那一部分。
　　人只有在少数的活动时间里才会呆在居住建筑这种非常私密的空间中，其余的时间和空间都用于交流和享受公共服务。在经济全球化，人口膨胀，资源紧张，竞争激烈的现代社会，人们越来越需要一种公共归属感，一个交流与分享的平台，寻求释放焦虑和压力的空间。在这样的时代背景下，为了适应时代的发展和大众心理新的需求，公共建筑应该更具综合性、公共性，成为城市的文化交流节点。
　　但这点在中国似乎仍未收到应有的重视。公共建筑本身应该具有的公共性、开放性和自由性甚至已经陷入一种迷失之中。
　　这样一种社会现实反映到建筑（尤其是有一定城市地位和规模尺度的公共建筑）上来，就表现为设计手法的混乱和畸形：本应反映新时代价值观的建筑构成要素被拿来体现旧时代的价值理念或是体现物质至上的价值虚无主义。比如，不少建筑前广场形同虚设，而广场本来是用于集会和交流的，现在其公共性不仅没有得到发展，反而好像回到了封建时代，只是用于烘托轴线。现在中国不少政府大楼，图书馆，博物馆，影剧院都是如此，近年来不断被爆出的“山寨天安门”就是这一现象的集中体现。
　　由此可见，中国当代公共建筑的公共性岌岌可危。作为建筑师来说应该要背负社会责任感，为改变这种现状做出自己的努力。显然，建筑师的努力会产生很有引导性的效果。
　　我认为，作为一个城市文化和公共关系最为有力的代表应该是它的图书馆。它的学术性和平等性使得它在公共建筑的大类中成为一种特殊的建筑类型。要想突破中国公共建筑的这一瓶颈，不如“擒贼先擒王”，先突破图书馆，其他的类型就会自发被带动起来。这里我将会通过研究湖南省图书馆的设计和营运来探讨中国公共建筑的出路。
一、城市性格
　　长沙，号称“屈贾之乡”，“楚汉名城”，是首批国家历史文化名城。长沙经济偏重本第三产业，尤以媒体和娱乐业闻名； 2008年，长沙工业总产值比重超过第三产业，成为了经济增长中最重要的支柱。
二、场址分析
　　省图位于长沙的繁华地段，四周是酒店、医院、剧院等，基址环境复杂。正因如此，人们对省图的开放性和多样性要求应该很高，它不仅要服务于长沙市民，还应给外来人员提供一个了解长沙的窗口。以它现在的状况来看，显然不太足够。
三、图书馆概况
湖南省图书馆，始建于1904年，作为湖南图书馆兼教育博物馆。现藏书340余万册，馆藏中不少是稀世善本与字画，尤以丰富的地方文献著称。设有综合借阅处、文学艺术图书借阅室、期刊借阅室、外文借阅室、地方文献阅览室、古籍阅览室、电子阅览室等，还相继设立了湖南人物资料中心、家谱收藏中心、读者俱乐部、盲人图书馆、红孩子书屋等。开展书刊外借、阅览、参考咨询、文献检索、专题服务、系列讲座、社会教育等多种形式、多种途径的读者服务工作。
可见，省图从创建到现在中心主要只是放在借阅、收藏、教育上，在功能上没有新的突破。虽然为了迎合时代增设了一些新的功能如 “红孩子书屋”和讲座等，但是它们通常是少人问津的。
四、功能布局
　　省图采用水平分区，一边面向读者，另一边是办公用房。它采用常见的图书管理系统，把书籍分成几大类，放于不同的房间，每个房间再按照更小的分类进行图书编号。但是，这种方法到今日已渐渐力不从心：一、随着时代的发展，各种交叉学科不断衍生，这种书籍管理的办法容易产生混乱；二、若一次要借两种不同的书，就很有可能要出入两个房间，那么就要寄存两次（规定是非本馆书籍必须寄存而不能带入馆内），故此相当麻烦。

五、对省图改造的分析

·调查报告
这是我调查当日在图书馆内部进行的随机调查（被调查人数为100人）：
1、 您来省图的次数：
A 频繁 36% B 一般 55% C较少 9%
2、 您对省图的总体印象：
A 休闲，放松 85% B 沉静，有些压抑 5% C 一般 10%
3、 您知道省图的途径：
A 朋友告知 82% B 省图的宣传 0 C 被其外形吸引0 D其他功能（自习、补课）18%
4、您来省图的目的：
A 借书70% B 阅览 10% C 上课8%D 生活节奏调剂 5% E自习 7%
5您每次来省图一般停留：
A 1~2小时 37% B 半天 55% C 整天 8%
6您对于省图的管理：
A 比较方便，服务周到 64% B一般 36% C 不太满意 0
7省图最吸引你的地方：
A书籍本身 70% B 学术氛围 20%C 轻松愉悦的氛围 10%
8对省图外形的看法：
A 庄严 29% B 还好 62% C 普通，没有吸引力 9%
9您对于省图多功能化的要求（多选）：
A 加设茶座或咖啡厅 35%
B 大厅可以更宽敞，更开放，更活泼，方便举行一些文化活动 13%
C门厅处设有对于省图介绍的视听展示空间 13%
D 在广场和庭院加设座椅或室外活动。 26%
E 扩大一楼综合借阅室旁的商店 13%
　　总结这份调查报告，我们可以看出这么几点：
a 大部分人认为省图可以满足休闲、放松的要求。但这种放松不是开放、自由的，因为很少人认为这是一种“生活调剂“。来这里的人一般都是读书、自习或上课，可见省图主要只是提供了人群进行个体活动的空间，而非人群进行群体和交流活动的场所。
b 很少人为省图的学术和自由氛围所吸引，更多的仍是冲着书籍本身或功利性的补课以及自习来的。
C 对于多功能化的要求，人们最主要的需求是茶座和咖啡厅，对室外活动和交流区的需要也较大。
　　由这三点结论可知，省图需要开辟一些多功能大空间，解放长沙市民的业余生活和省图以教育、藏书和其他功利性目的为主的功能排布。

Contemporary China's public building public lost
Pick to: only in a few activities time will stay in residential buildings in this very private space, the rest of the time and space are used to communicate and enjoy the public service. In the economic globalization, population expansion, resources nervous, fierce competition of modern society, people increasingly need a public sense of belonging, a platform of exchange and sharing, seeking the release of anxiety and stress space. In such a background, in order to meet the new demand for the development of The Times and popular psychology, public buildings should be more comprehensive, public, become a city of cultural exchanges between the nodes.

Key words: public buildings public node
Some public buildings, frankly, is to remove that part of the residential building in civil construction.
People only in a few activities time will stay in residential buildings in this very private space, the rest of the time and space are used to communicate and enjoy the public service. In the economic globalization, population expansion, resources nervous, fierce competition of modern society, people increasingly need a public sense of belonging, a platform of exchange and sharing, seeking the release of anxiety and stress space. In such a background, in order to meet the new demand for the development of The Times and popular psychology, public buildings should be more comprehensive, public, become a city of cultural exchanges between the nodes.
But it seems still not yet received due attention in China. The publicness

of public building itself should have, openness and freedom, and even has fallen into a lost.
Such a social reality reflected in the building (especially have a certain scale city position and scale of public buildings), to show the design methods of chaos and malformation: this should reflect the new era of values of the architectural elements are used to reflect the value of the old concept, or manifests materialism value nihilism. For example, many square before construction can be evaded and the square was used for meeting and communication, now the public didn't get development, not only it seems back in the feudal age, only to the axis of the foil. Now China's many government buildings, libraries, museums, theaters, have been reported in recent years "shanzhai" tiananmen square is the concentrated reflection of this phenomenon.
Contemporary Chinese, therefore, the publicness of public buildings is at stake. As an architect should bear social responsibility, make their own efforts to change the status quo. Obviously, the architect efforts yield very instructive effect.
I think, as a city of culture and public relations is the most powerful representative should be the library. Its academic and equality makes it in the broad categories of public buildings as a special kind of building type. To break through the bottleneck of China's public buildings, not equal to "snake", break through the library first, and other types will be

spontaneous is driven up. Here I will be through the research of library in hunan province to explore the China's public building design and operation way.
A, the urban character
Changsha, so-called "township of the flexor jia", "chu city", is the first batch of national historical and cultural city. Changsha economic lay particular stress on the third industry, especially in the media and entertainment industry is famous; In 2008, changsha industrial output will more than the tertiary industry, has become the most important pillar of economic growth.
Second, the site analysis
Province is located in a busy section of changsha, is surrounded by hotels, hospitals, theatres, etc. B complex environment. Because of this, people figure the openness and diversity of provincial level requirements should be very high, it is not only to service in changsha citizens, foreigners may need to provide a window on the changsha. With its present situation, obviously not enough.
Three, library
The library of hunan province, was founded in 1904, as the library and museum education in hunan province. Now has more than 340 books, many are rare rare books and calligraphy and painting collection, especially is famous for its rich local literature. Equipped with comprehensive JieYueChu JieYueShi JieYueShi, literature and art books, journals, foreign JieYueShi, electronic reading room of the local literature reading room, ancient books reading room, etc., also successively set up hunan character data center, genealogy collection center, readers club, the blind library, red children house, etc. Books borrowing and reading, reference consultation, information retrieval, special service, lecture series, social education, and other forms, a variety of ways, the reader service work.
Visible, provincial figure from creation to now center is a major just on borrowing, collection and education, no new breakthrough in function. Although era to cater to add some new function such as "red children" and lectures, but they are usually less person make inquires.
Fourth, function layout
Province figure USES the horizontal partitioning, geared to the needs of readers, on the other side is the office premises. It USES common books management system management system, put the books into several major categories, put in different rooms, each room shall be carried out in accordance with the classification of smaller Numbers. To this day, however, this method has been gradually overwhelmed: one, with the development of The Times, a variety of interdisciplinary derivative, the books management way to easy to confusion; Second, if a secondary borrow two different kinds of books, is likely to come in and go out two rooms, so will check twice (rules are library books must register and cannot be brought into the museum), and therefore is quite trouble.

Five, the analysis of provincial figure transformation

Investigation report,
This is my survey on that day in the library internal random survey (100) surveyed:
1, to save you figure the number of times:
A frequent 36% B average 55% C is less 9%
2, your overall impression of provincial figure:
A casual, relaxed 85% B calm, some depressed C generally 10% 5%
Figure 3, you know that province way to:
A friend told that 82% figure B province propaganda 0 C attracted by its appearance 0 D other functions (self-study, make up A missed lesson) 18%
4, to save your diagram: the purpose of
A library class B read 10% C 70% and 10% D E self-study to adjust the pace of life 5% to 7%
You every time to save on figure 5 generally stay:
A 1 ~ 2 hours all day along while 55% C B 37% to 55%
6 you concerning the management of provincial figure:
A more convenient, not satisfied with the service 64% B average 64% C 0
Figure 7 province where attracts you the most:
A book itself 70% B 20% academic atmosphere of 20% C relaxing atmosphere
Perceptions of provincial figure shape:
A solemn B ok 62% C and 29% average, 9% do not
9 you figure for the province more than functional requirements (choose more) :
Adding A 35% tea or coffee house
B hall can more spacious, more open, more lively convenient 13% hold some cultural activities
C the entrance hall is equipped with the figure for the province to introduce audio-visual exhibition space of 13%
D in squares and courtyards added a seat or outdoor activities. 26%
E and expand on the first floor beside the comprehensive JieYueShi stores by 13%
Summary of the report, we can see that:
A majority of people think that province figure can meet the requirements of leisure and relaxation. But this relaxation is not open, free, because very few people think it is a kind of "adjustments" life. People here tend to be read, selfstudy or in class, visible figure province mainly just provided the space of individual activities to members, rather than population groups and activities.
B rarely attracted by the academic atmosphere and free human province figure, more is still at the book itself or utilitarian lessons and self-study.
C to the requirement of muti_function change, people's main demand is the teahouse and the cafe, area for outdoor activities and communication need is bigger also.
By this conclusion, the three provinces figure need to open some multifunctional large space, liberation of changsha residents spare life and provincial figure is given priority to with education, books and other utilitarian purpose of function configuration.