第003章被动语态.doc

第三章 被动语态
语态是表示主、谓语之间关系的一种动词形式，分为主动语态和被动语态两种。主动语态表示主语的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。被动语态由“be+及物动词的过去分词”构成。

第一节 被动语态的种类
一、及物动词用于被动结构的各种时态
英语中只有及物动词才有被动结构。其形式为：助动词be+及物动词（或短语）的过去分词，被动结构可用于各种时态。例如：
I am not so easily deceived.我不是轻易上当受骗的。（现在时）
The window was broken by a naughty boy. 窗户被一个顽皮的男孩打破了。（过去时）
You will be allowed to borrow five books at a time.允许你一次借五本书。（现在将来时）
He said that the bridge would be built next year.他说这座桥将明年建成。（过去将来时）
The injured player was being carried off the field.受伤的选手正被抬离现场。（过去进行时）
The question is being discussed at the meeting.会上正在讨论这个问题。（现在进行时）
The food has been cooked饭已经煮好了。（现在完成时）
二、短语动词的被动结构
有些短语动词相当于及物动词，所以可用于被动结构。例如：
Many interesting experiments are carried out in our laboratory.
我们实验室做了许多有趣的实验。
The poor child was laughed at his classmates because he failed the exam.
那位可怜的孩子因考试不及格而受到同学的嘲笑。
三、双宾语动词的被动结构
带双宾语的动词改为被动语态时，通常是将间接宾语提前做主语，直接宾语变成了保留宾语。如果主动结构中的直接宾语变为被动结构中的主语，这时在间接宾语前要加介词to(可省去)或for（一般不可省）例如：
The teacher gave him a dictionary.老师给了他一本词典
He was given a dictionary.
A dictionary was given to him给他一本词典
Mother bought me a shirt.母亲给我买了件衬衣
I was bought a shirt by mother.
A shirt was bought for me by mother.
四、复合宾语的被动结构
宾语加宾语补语的结构为被动语态时，只将主动结构中的宾语变为被动结构中的主语，宾补不变。例如：
The students were caught cheating at exams.学生们考试作弊时被抓住了。
He was elected representative.他被选为代表。
All the houses are painted white.所有的房子都被漆成了白色。
The teacher was asked to repeat the question again.请老师再重复一遍这个问题。
五、含有情态动词的被动结构
含有情态动词的被动语态的构成形式为：情态动词+be+过去分词。例如：
This outof-date teaching method must be done away with.必须废除这种过时的教学方法。
These books can be found in the library.这些书可以在图书馆找到。

第二节 被动语态的基本用法
通常情况下，我们多用主动语态，但有时由于不知道动作的执行者，或出于礼貌，或为了强调等原因，要用被动语态。主要有下列几种情况：
1、当不知道或没必要指出动作的执行者时。例如：
He told us that a big reservoir was being built in his hometown.
他告诉我们他的家乡正在建造一个大型水库。
The project will be finished next year.这个计划将于明年完成。
The audience is asked to keep silence.要求观众保持安静。
2、当强调或侧重动作的承受者时。例如
所有的房间都定期打扫。All the rooms are cleaned regularly.
他的新车被盗了。His news car was stolen.
请你们明天交作业。You are requested to hand in your composition tomorrow.
3、由于出于婉转、礼貌等不愿说出动词的执行者时。例如：
he was considered to be a computer genius.他被认为是个计算机天才。
About the matter, much has been said, but little has been done.对于这件事，是说得多，做得少。
4、有时为了行文通顺
A river may be dammed and when that is done, a large pressure of water is built up behind the dam.河上可以筑坝，筑成后，坝后形成了很大的水压。
The hero appeared, and was warmly applauded by the students.
当那位英雄出现后，学生们给予了热烈的掌声。
5、在正式的布告，通告中。例如
Passengers are requested to remain seated until the aircraft comes to a complete stop.
飞机停稳前，请乘客不要离开座位。
Candidates are required to present themselves fifteen minutes before the examination begins.
考生应于考前15分钟到达。
6有些动词习惯上常用被动结构。例如：
The professor was born in 1931那位教授出生于1931年
There are known to be thousands of different languages.据人们所知，有几千种不同的语言。
He is said to have been a worker.(=it is said that he was a worker.)据说他过去曾当过工人。
It is said that the man is a writer.(=The man is said to be a writer.)据说那个人是个作家。

第三节 主动语态表示被动的情况
在英语表达中，有时用主动语态表示被动意义。主要有下列几种情况：
1、某些系动词构成的系表结构，可用主动语态表示被动意义。例如
The flower smells sweet.花闻起来很香。
That soup tastes very delicious.那汤味道真好。
She sounded a modest woman.听起来她是个谦逊的女人。
2、某些动词后加副词表示被动意义。常用的这类动词有wash, write, sell, lock, shut, clean等；常用的副词有easily, well, quickly, smoothly等例如：
This type of television set sells well这种电视机卖得很好。
This pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来很流畅。
This jacket washes easily.这件衣服好洗。
3、want, deserve, need, require及 worth等词后面动名词的主动语态表示被动意义。在这些动词后，既可接动名词，也可接不定式，接动名词要求用主动语态表示被动意义，接不定式要用被动结构。例如：
The novel is worth reading. 这本小说值得一读。
The children require looking after.(=the children require to be looked after.)这些孩子需要照顾。
The point deserves mentioning.(=the point deserves to be mentioned.)这点值得一提。
4、当不定式与它修饰的词之间有动宾关系，并且与句子的主语在意思上有主谓关系时，虽然表示的意思为被动，但却用主动形式。例如：
we have many problems to solve.我们有许多问题要解决。
I’ll show you right path to take.我会把正确的路线给你看。
5、当不定式作表语（或宾补）形容词的状语，又与句中的主语（或宾语）有逻辑上的动宾关系时，虽然不定式有被动意义，但只能用主动形式。例如：
some books are interesting to read, but boring to learn.有些书读起来很有趣，但学起来很厌烦。
They found the subject hard to understand.他们发现这个题目很难理解。

第四节 被动语态与系表结构的区别
一、从过去分词的功能上来区分
被动语态中的过去分词是动词，表示动作；系表结构中的分词相当于形容词，表示状态。如果是形容词，后面不能用by短语。例如：
she was not badly injured but she couldn’t speak.她伤势不重，但不能说话。（系表）
she was injured by a wild horse.一匹野马使她受伤了。（被动）
二、从修饰过去分词的词来区分
如果过去分词被所修饰，为系表结构；如果过去分词被修饰，为被动结构。例如：
The man was too frightened to stand up.那个人吓得都站不起来了。
I am very surprised at your words.我对你说的话感到非常吃惊。
He was much agitated by the news.他听到消息后很激动。
He was so much shocked that he couldn’t utter a word.他是如此震惊，以至于都说不出话来了。
三、从谓语动词的特性上来区分
过去分词是表示心理、感情、从事活动等词或过去分词是反身动词时，通常为系表结构。例如：
She is reserved to become a ballet dancer.她决心成为一名芭蕾舞演员。
The way was lost between the trees.小路消失在树林中。
四、从短语动词是否有介词搭配上来区分
过去分词与介词搭配，并且后面跟有介词宾语时，常为系表结构。例如：
The boy was scared out of his wits.那男孩子吓得不知所措。
The factory is located at the foot of the hill.那家工厂位于山脚下。

第五节 使用被动语态应注意的问题
一、被动语态在时态、数等方面与主语一致
被动语态在时态、单复数形式方面也需与主语一致。例如：
He has carried out many interesting experiments in our laboratory.
Many interesting experiments have been carried out in our laboratory.
我们实验室已经做了许多有趣的实验。
（主动语态为单数形式，但由于原来的宾语为复数形式，变为被动结构中的主语时，谓语动词应为复数形式）
Most environmental problems exist because adequate measures for preventing them taken in the past.
A. was not B. were not C. were not being D. being not
答案为Ｂ。主句虽为现在时，但从句谓语动词叙述的是过去的事，所以要用过去式。
译文：由于过去没有采取措施解决环境问题，所以大多数环境问题仍然存在。
二、不及物动词没有被动语态
不及物动词没有被动语态，但是，如果过去分词是不及物动词，而这个动词已经是形容词化了的分词，则为系表结构。例如：
The patient looks as if she
A. had recovered B. had been recovered C. recovered D. recovers
答案为：A. recover作“恢复，痊愈”讲时，为不及物动词。
译文：那位病人好像已经康复了。
Economic uncertainty, of course, is precisely why commodity futures market is existed.
A B C D
D.错。exist为不及物动词，应改为exists.
Gone the Chinese people were in great lack of food, money, comfort and enough housing.
A. the days when B. are the days when C. have the days when d. the days have when
答案为B. gone为形容词，在句中作表语。
译文：中国人严重缺乏食物、钱、安逸以及足够住房的那些日子已经一去不复返了。
三、有些及物动词不能用被动语态
及物动词如beg(请求),contain(包含),cost(花费),equal(相等),fail(不及格),fit(合适),have(有),hold(容纳),lack(缺乏),possess(拥有),resemble(相似)等表示状态，通常不用于被动语态。例如：
对：He possessed great wealth.他拥有很多财富。
误：Great wealth was possessed by him.
对：He resembles his father closely.他和他的父亲一模一样。
四、使役动词和感官动词的被动用法
使役动词make, have 及感官动词see, hear, notice, feel, observe, listen to 等在主动语态中，后面跟不定式作宾补要省去to，但当变成被动语态时，要加上to。例如：
I saw the girl cross the street.
我看到那个小女孩穿过了马路。
The girl was seen to cross the street.
有人看到那个小女孩穿过了马路。
I heard the girl sing the song in the dormitory.
我听到那个女孩在宿舍唱歌。
The girl was heard to sing the song in her dormitory.
有人听到那个女孩在宿舍唱歌。
Exercise 3
1.选择题
1．All the machines C by the end of the following week.
A. will be repaired B. were repaired
C. will have been repaired D. would be repaired
2. Although the mission was no be kept a secret, it C to the press.
A. reveals B. revealed C. was revealed D. reveal
3.Many doctors believe cures for many forms of cancer B soon.
A. will discover B. will be discovered
C. they will be discovered D. have been discovered
4.The new kind of machine is going to D the year after next.
A. turn out B. have turned out C. turning out D. be turned out
5.The secretary opened the mail which B that morning.
A. had delivered B. had been delivered C. delivered D. is delivered
6. Shortly afterwards, I noticed to my satisfaction that their work B
A. was been improved B. was being improved
C. were being improved D. had being improved
7. A great deal of research A into the possible causes of cancer in recent years.
A. has been done B. will be done C. was done D. is done
8. He told us that he D to work in Italy later in the years.
A. was transferred B. will transfer C. will be transferred D. would be transferred
9. The professor was profound and eloquent and B with enthusiasm.
A. was always listened B. was always listened to
C. always was listened D. always listened to
10.Those who have applied for the post A in the office.
A. are being interviewed B. are interviewing C. interviewing D. to be interviewing
11.The bridge D at the moment, so we had to take another way.
A. had been repaired B. was repaired
C. would have been repaired D. was being repaired
12.Having received over eighty percent of the vote, Jane Mr. Byre became the first woman D elected mayor of Chicago.
A. who she B. she was C. was to D. to be
13.I’ll take down your name and address in case you A as a witness.
A. are needed B. will be needed C. need D. were needed
14. I should very much like to go to the party, but C .
A. I am invited B. will not have been invited
C. I was not invited D. I will not be invited
15.By the time the applicant makes up his mind, the offer B
A. will cancel B. will have been cancelled
C. will be canceling D. is cancelled
16. If one C by vanity, he will be very particular about other’s clothing and appearance.
A. overcomes B. will be overcome C. is overcome D. has been overcome
17.The best use A our present equipment.
A. must be made of B. must be made C. must make of D. must make
18. By signing this application, I ask that an account A for me and a credit card issued as I request.
A. be opened B. is opened C. opens D. will be opened
19. I found that my cheating in yesterday’s English test A to my parents that very evening.
A. was reported B. had been reported C. had reported D. was being reported
20. By promoting more even income distribution in a developing country, a lower birth rate would A .
A. be achieved B. achieved C. achieve D. be achieving
21.In the last decade, great changes B in the emphasis of the bank’s lending policies.
A. have been taken place B. have taken place C. took place D. was taken place
22. Besides B , he had to pay back all the money he had received from bribes.
A. jailing B. being jailed C. to be jailed D. jailed
23. There are problems with nuclear energy that have yet B .
A. to solve B. to be solved C. been solved D. being solved
24. Your hair wants A . you’d better have it tomorrow.
A. cutting done B. cutting to be done
C. being cut done D. to be cut to be done
25.I don’t remember A a chance to try this method.
A. having been given B. to have been given
C. having given D. to have given
26.We could ask someone to do the work privately without it C
A. know B. be known C. being known D. to be known
27. He had spread his sails and pursued his way, thinking that none besides those who B
where left alive.
A. had taken up B. had been taken up C. took up D. were taken up
28. He looked at the room in dismay when he found it B into.
A. had broken B. had been broken C. broke D. was broken
29. “I’d like to buy an expensive camera.”
“well, we have several models A ”
A. to choose from B. being chosen C. of choice D. for choosing
30. They found the lecture hard B
A. to be understood B. to understand
C. for understanding D. to have been understood
31. If the work A by the end of the month is delayed, the construction company will be fined.
A. to be completed B. will be completed
C. has been completed D. being completed
32. The goods C when we arrived at the airport.
A. were just unloading B. had just unloaded
C. were just being unloaded D. were just been unloaded
33.Large sums of money B each year in painting the steelwork of bridges, ships, and other exposed structures.
A. have spent B. have to be spent C. have to spent D. have to be spending
34. Have you ever realized that attention C your pronunciation?
A. must be paid B. must pay to C. ought to be paid to D. should be paid
35. The riot is said A by the government’s negligence of the people’s welfare.
A. to have been caused B. being caused C. to be caused D. to cause
36.We want the power station B as soon as possible.
A. set up B. to be set up C. being set up D. to have been set up
37. He D with Prof. Smith at least four times in the past few days.
A. has been seen met B. was seen to meet
C. had seen meeting D. has been seen meeting
38. The story of John implies that love B from responsibility.
A. cannot separate B. cannot be separated
C. cannot being separated D. cannot be separated itself
39. When they have done B useful to the people.
A. are considered B. is considered
C. have been considered D. will be considered
40. Between 1897 and 1919 at lest motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed D
A. had produced B. have been produced
C. would have been produced D. had been produced
II. 改错题
1. If it doesn’t rain within the next few weeks, the crops will have to be watered if they are to
A B C
be survived.
D
D-survive
2. The project which seems to us to be very attractive requires more labor than have put in because
A B C D
it is extremely difficult.
D-has been put
3.A book may compare to your neighbor; if it be bad, you cannot get rid of it too early; if good, it
A B C
cannot last too long.
D
A-be compared
4. As the main objective of going to school is presumably to prepare for after life, it should be
A B
very easy to organize lectures designing to give a broad view of the variety of occupations.
C D
C-designed
5.The idea that learning is a lifelong process has expressed by philosophers and educationalists
A B C
throughout the centuries.
D
C-has been expressed
6. The advantages of computerized typing and editing are now being extending to all the written
A B C D
languages of the world.
C-extended
7. According to some theories derived from psychoanalysis, life is supposedly easier and more
A B