工业工程技术培训资料.docx

【范例：改善后】

铁 丝 网 围 篱
物 料 架
暂存区料架
磅秤
磅秤
收
货
及
抽样
台
点
数
台
暂存区料架
厂商交货卡车

收货区
办公室
工作台

2. 线图（String Diagram）或称为行程频率图（Trip Frequency Diagram）、行程表（Travel Chart）。

（八）工厂布置规划（Plant Layout Planning）简介
1. 工厂布置之规划程序
Key Inputs-P,Q,R,S,T & Activity-areas
2活动关连(Activity Relationship)
1.物流
(Flow of Material)
6.空间关连图(Space Relationship Diagram)
3.关连图
(Relationship Diagram)
4.空间需求 (Space Requirement)
5.可用空间(Space Available)
9.计画方案评估
确立之工厂
布置计画
8.限制因素
7.修正
Plan X
Plan Y
Plan Z
工厂布置计画方案
Relationships
Adjustment
Space

2. 工厂布置规划之基础信息

代号
说 明
P
Product or Material
物品之特性和差异性
Q
Quantity or Volume
各单项物品之数量或体积
R
Routing or Process
物品之制造程序或流程
S
Supporting Services
or Activities
支持生产所必需之活动
T
Time or
Timing Consideration
包括：作业时间/期间、频率、
期限、季节性，…等等

3. 工厂布置之型态

以制程为中心之工厂布置
以产品为中心之工厂布置
定位布置(Fixed Position Layout)
流线型布置(Line Layout)
制程布置(Process Layout) 或称
批量作业布置(Job-lot Layout)
工厂布置之型态

4. 关连图 (Relationship Diagram)

2
3
1
4
5
6
7

包装
出货
现场厕所
半成品存放区
成品存放区
生产区
品管部门
1

A

2
I
2

I
3
U

U
3
A

1
A
A
3
O

O
O
1
I
1

3
4

E
3
3
I
O

A
I
5

1
E
3
U

4
I
6

4
A

4

7

A
E
I
O
U
X
Absolutely Necessary
Especially Important
Important
Ordinary Closeness
Unimportant
Undesirable
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Movement of Materials
Share of Same Personnel
Personnel
Control of Work

5. 关连分析 (Relationship Analysis)

6
3
4
7
2 E's
1
5
4
7
6
2
6 A’s

1
2
3
5
7
6 I's

2
6
5
4
3
4 O's
2
1
4
5
6
3 U's

6. 工厂布置之着眼点

◎ 人性化观点：〝人、机、物〞之和谐关系

◎ 安全性之设计考量

◎ 生产性观点：〝人、机、物〞之最适组合

‧流动程序(Flow process) 、动线： Ship-To-Store,
Ship-To-Line , Make-TO-Shipment, Make-To-Order, etc.

‧流动频率：JIT-Just in time

‧Load & Unload之次数/频率

‧搬运设备之效能

（九）缩短换线换模时间之要领简介
Improvement Approach 改善的手法
☆ Four ( 4 ) Steps 四个步骤
☆ Two ( 2 ) Categories 两种类别
☆ Four ( 4 ) Stages 四个阶段

4 Steps（四个步骤）
☆ Preparation（准备）
☆ (Re)placement （更换、装置）
☆ Adjustment （调整）
☆ Completion （完成、善后）

Step 1 Preparation（准备）
＊ Drawing Up Change-over Instructions.
- Operations.
- Tools needed (jigs, dies, moulds, etc.).
- Fasteners needed (bolts, screws, washers, nuts, clamps, clips, etc.).
＊ Storage, Maintenance and Inspection of Tools and Fasteners.
＊ Gathering and Preparation of New Tools and Fasteners.
Transport of Tools and Fasteners to the Process.

Step 2 (Re)placement（更换、装置）
＊ Unfastening and Removal of Old Tools.
＊ Placing the New Tools.
＊ Centering the New Tools.

Step 3 Adjustment（调整）
＊ Fastening New Tools.
＊ Securing the New Tools.
＊ Adjustment of the New Tools.

Step 4 Completion（完成、善后）
＊ Transport of Old Tools.
＊ Cleaning, Greasing and Oiling The Old Tools.
＊ Storage of Old Tools.
2 Categories（两种类别）
☆ On-line Change-over（线内更换）
Change-over activities Interrupting the process.

☆ Off-line Change-over（线外更换）
Change-over activities alongside the process.

1

2

3

4
On-line change over

Producing
product A

Producing
product B

2

3

On-line

Producing
product A

Producing
product B
Off-line
1

Off-line
4

4 Stages（四个阶段）

Advanced Stage改进阶段
Transferred Stage移转阶段
Separated Stage分离阶段
Intermingled Stage混合阶段

◎ Intermingled Stage（混合阶段）
＊ No separation between.
＊ On-line and off-line operations.
＊ Process is stopped during total change.
＊ New tools are brought in after the process has been stopped.
＊ Neither tools nor fasteners are properly maintained, checked or prepared.
＊ Tools and fasteners are not tidy stored.
◎ Separated Stage（分离阶段）
＊ On-line and off-line operations are kept separated.
＊ Process is stopped for on-line operations only.
＊ All necessary preparations are completed while the process is going on.
＊ A checklist is available for carrying out off-line work.
＊ Maintenance, inspection and preparation of tools and fasteners are carried out off-line.
＊ A check is made whether tools and fasteners work properly.
◎ Transferred Stage（移转阶段）
＊ On-line operations are transferred to off-line as much as possible.
＊ Height of dies, rams and press blocks are standardized.
＊ All fasteners and spanners are standardized.
＊ Standardized intermediate attachments are introduced.
＊ Adjustment of machines strokes is avoided.

◎ Advanced Stage（改进阶段）
＊ Both on-line and off-line operations are minimized.
＊ Dimensions of all tools are standardized.
＊ Handling of moulds, jigs, dies and forms is standardized.
＊ Hydraulic, pneumatic or magnetic fastening is introduced.
＊ Fastening and adjustment work is simplified or eliminated wherever possible.
＊ Cassettes are introduced.

◎ From Intermingled to Separated Stage
＊ Make a clear description of all change-over operations to be executed today (see worksheet).
＊ Prepare a summary list of :
- all tools needed (jigs, dies, moulds, etc.).
- all fasteners needed (bolts, screws, clips, etc.).
＊ Classify all operations into:
- off-line activities.
- on-line activities.
◎ From Separated to Transferred Stage
＊ Transfer operations from on-line to off-line as much as possible.
＊ The use of functional fasteners.
＊ The previous installation of intermediate attachments, bolsters and fasteners.
＊ Introduction of functional dial or pointer readings.

Worksheet Nr. :
Workstation Nr. :
Change-over from to

Operation
Tools & Fasteners

Location

Steps
to be removed
to be placed
Preparation
(Re)placement
Adjustment
Completion
off
on
off
on
off
on
off
on

◎ From Transferred to Advanced Stage
＊ Improvement of handling, transport and storage methods.
＊ The use of hydraulic, pneumatic or magnetic methods for placing and/or fastening tools.
＊ The elimination of centering and adjustment activities by standardisation of:
- dimension of moulds.
- machine strokes.
- male and female jigs.
- centering and fastening methods.
＊ Improve measuring and gauging methods.
＊ Elimination of trial runs.

（十）I E 改善心法

Ways of Improving the Work Through Motion Study
- EASIER WAY- approach
Eliminate unnecessary motions
Avoid moves requiring eye direction
Shorten motion distance
Improve "get" motions by pre-positioning
Employ simple fixtures, clamps, and guides
Replace hand operations with foot-operated devices

Why ? Question each operation
Adapt two-hand method
Yes, there is always room for improvement
Hey ! You are
working too hard !

（三）改善之要诀：ECRS、6W

‧删除（Elimination）：删除不必要的作业或动作
‧合并（Combination）：将数个作业或动作合并，省略转交或取放。
‧重排（Re-arrangement）：将数个作业或动作重新安排，使作业或动作能平衡顺畅。
‧简化（Simplification）：将数个作业或动作加以改善，使其简化。
ECRS Approaches
基本「发问」
（Primary Questions）
目的是什么 ?
(What is the purpose ?)
何地完成 ?
(Where is it done ?)
何时完成 ?
(When is it done ?)
由何人做 ?
(Who does it ?)
如何完成 ?
(How is it done ?)
进一步「发问」
（Secondary Questions）
为何必须做 ?
(Why is it necessary ?)
为何在那里完成 ?
(Why is it done there ?)
为何在那时完成 ?
(Why is it done then ?)
为何由此人做 ?
(Why does this person do it ?)
为何要如此做 ?
(Why is it done this way ?)
可否删除 ?
(Can it be eliminated ?)
可否合并 ?
(Can it be combined ?)
可否重排 ?
(Can it be rearranged ?)
可否简化 ?
(Can it be simplified ?)
合并或重排下列项目：
w 地点(Places)
w 次序(Sequences)
w 人员(Persons)

工业工程技术培训
参考资料

Story of the Bedaux System
I. Story of the Bedaux System
In 1911, Mr. Charles E. Bedaux experimented with the idea of measuring all human physical work in terms of a common unit.
The unit known as the Bedaux Unit of human power measurement or “B” was to consists of a combination of work and rest.
The proportions between these two items were dependent upon the physical nature of the work and the subsequent rest required to compensate for it. As tasks varied, the ratio of the work to rest within the unit was to vary, but the unit itself was to remain constant at a time value of on minute.
II. The Bedaux System or “E” System(Unit System)
The “Unit E” is the quantity of work an experienced, skilled worker can do per minute under normal conditions, taking into account the inherent allowance for rest, personal needs.
III. The “M” System(Unit System)
The Unit (M) is the amount of work that can be carried out in one minute by a trained worker, under normal circumstance, and at normal speed, including allowances for interruptions as rest and personal care.
The Unit (M) does not represent time in the sense of a clock time, but it is rather a measure of “work quantity” or “labor content”.
IV. Expression
Work Quantity or Labor Content = Work + Rest (Bedaux definition) or
= Work + Total Allowance (Philips definition)
Example: Labor Content 1M
TAF-total allowance factor: 1.14/ 1.18/ 1.2
Labor Content Work (Normal Time) TAF
1M (60 seconds) = 52.6 seconds + 7.4 seconds (14 %)
1M (60 seconds) = 50.8 seconds + 9.2 seconds (18 %)
1M (60 seconds) = 50.0 seconds + 10.0 seconds (20 %)

VIII. Performance Rating
Performance rating is expressing numerically the speed and effectiveness with which an operation is done, in relation to what has been defined as normal performance.

Tempo means the intensity of working.
In Bedaux time-study system:

Speed of the movements
Tempo
Skill of the movements (i.e. proficiency, useful effect, dexterity, efficiency).

IX. Normal Performance
Normal performance is the performance of an average skilled worker doing a job under normal conditions without being stimulated by an incentive scheme.
It must be possible to keep this performance from day to day without excessive physical or mental strain.
As a reference for normal performance can be taken, a steady deliberate and unhurried average performance of a person, who walks around 4.8 Km(3 miles) per hour or deals 52 playing-cards in 30 seconds.

X. Remarks
- Unit (English)
- Einheit (German)
- Eenheid (Dutch)
- 单位 (Chinese)

- E system : for Performance or Tempo (60 E, 75 E, 80 E)

- M system : for Labor Content or Work Quantity (5 M’s, 60.5 M’s)

Effects of Working Conditions on determining Allowance
Allowance
Value
Constant allowance

C-1
Personal allowance
5 %
C-2
Basic fatigue allowance
4 %

Variable allowance

V-1
Standing allowance
1 %
V-2
Abnormal position allowance

Slightly awkward
0

Awkward (Bending)
2 %

Very awkward (Lying, Stretching)
7 %

V-3
Use of force or muscular energy(Lifting, pulling, or pushing)

Weight lifted:

5 Pounds (2.3 Kg)
0

10 Pounds (4.5 Kg)
1 %

15 Pounds (6.8 Kg)
2 %

20 Pounds (9.1 Kg)
3 %

25 Pounds (11.4 Kg)
4 %

30 Pounds (13.6 Kg)
5 %

35 Pounds (15.9 Kg)
7 %

40 Pounds (18.2 Kg)
9 %

45 Pounds (20.4 Kg)
11 %

50 Pounds (22.7 Kg)
13 %

60 Pounds (27.3 Kg)
17 %

70 Pounds (31.8 Kg)
22 %

V-4
Bad light

Slightly below recommended
0

Well below
2 %

Quite inadequate
5 %

V-5
Atmospheric conditions(Heat and Humidity)
0~10 %

V-6
Close attention

Fairly fine work
0

Fine or exacting
2 %

Very fine or very exacting
5 %

V-7
Noise level

Continuous
0

Intermittent – loud
2 %

Intermittent – very loud
5 %

High – pitched – loud
5 %

V-8
Mental strain

Fairly complex process
1 %

Complex or wide span of attention
4 %

Very complex
8 %

V-9
Monotony

Low
0

Median
1 %

High
4 %

V-10
Tediousness

Rather tedious
0

Tedious
2 %

Very tedious
5 %
（Courtesy of International Labor Office, Geneva Switzerland）

PHILIPS
动作分析表 页次： /
作业名称：

产品型号：
作业区域：
分析人：
分析日期：
LH
RH
LH
RH
LH
RH
LH
RH
50
50
50
50
10
10
10
10
15
15
15
15
20
20
20
20
25
25
25
25
30
30
30
30
35
35
35
35
40
40
40
40
45
45
45
45
5
5
5
5

双手程序表：裁切玻璃管
TWO-HANDED PROCESS CHART （改善前方法）
Chart No.: SUB-0101 Sheet No.: 1 of 1
材料/零件：玻璃管(长1公尺，直径3mm)
作业内容：将长1公尺之玻璃管，用夹具和锉刀裁成小段玻璃管(长1.5cm)。

操作地点：第三车间
作业人员：李大海
分析人：M.J. Hung 日期：2003-02-18

工作站布置图：

Left Hand
○
£
_
D
s

○
£
_
D
s
Right Hand
1.持住玻璃管

Ÿ

Ÿ

1.拿起锉刀
2.移动玻璃管至夹具

Ÿ

Ÿ
2.持住锉刀
3.将玻璃管插入夹具内
Ÿ

Ÿ

3.将锉刀移至玻璃管
4.将玻璃管推至夹具底部
Ÿ

Ÿ
4.持住锉刀
5.用手固定住玻璃管

Ÿ

Ÿ

5.用锉刀在玻璃管上划刻痕
6.稍为拉出玻璃管
Ÿ

Ÿ

6.稍为移开锉刀
7.将玻璃管旋转约120~180˚
Ÿ

Ÿ
7.持住锉刀
8.将玻璃管推至夹具底部
Ÿ

Ÿ

8.将锉刀移至玻璃管
9.用手固定住玻璃管

Ÿ

Ÿ

9.用锉刀在玻璃管上划刻痕
10.将玻璃管从夹具内移出
Ÿ

Ÿ

10.将锉刀放至工作台上
11.将玻璃管移向右手

Ÿ

Ÿ

11.右手移向玻璃管
12.将玻璃管折断
Ÿ

Ÿ

12.将玻璃管折断
13.持住玻璃管

Ÿ

Ÿ

13.将玻璃管置于盒内
14.再握住玻璃管
Ÿ

Ÿ

14.右手移向锉刀

8
0
2
0
4

5
0
6
0
3

方法（Method）：
改善前方法

改善后方法
备 注
动作项目
L.H.
R.H.

L.H.
R.H.

操作（Operation）
8
5

运送（Transport）
2
6

延迟（Delay）
-
-

持住（Hold）
4
3

检查（Inspection）
-
-

合计：
14
14

From-To Chart Analysis

A
G
I
F
D
E
B
C
H
总计
箱数
A

1/ 10

1/10
1/ 0

3
20
G

1/10
2/ 0

3
10
I
1/30
1/ 0

1/30
1/40
1/30
1/10
1/30
1/ 0

8
170
F
1/20

2/60
2/70

5
150
D

1/20

1/ 0

2
20
E

1/30
1/10

2
40
B

1/20

1/ 0
1/20
3
40
C

1/10
1/10

2
20
H

1/40

1
40
总计
3
3
8
4
2
2
4
2
1
29
29

箱数
50
50
180
20
40
70
80
0
20

510
510

行程： A-B-C-D-E-F-G-H-I

行程： A-G-I-F-D-E-B-C-H
对角线左下半部

对角线右上半部
对角线左下半部

对角线右上半部
1 ×0 ＝ 0

1 ×3 ＝ 3
1 ×5 ＝ 5

1 ×7 ＝ 7
2 ×0 ＝ 0

2 ×4 ＝ 8
2 ×2 ＝ 4

2 ×2 ＝ 4
3 ×2 ＝ 6

3 ×6 ＝ 18
3 ×3 ＝ 9

3 ×4 ＝ 12
4 ×2 ＝ 8

4 ×0 ＝ 0
4 ×1 ＝ 4

4 ×2 ＝ 8
5 ×2 ＝ 10

5 ×3 ＝ 15
5 ×1 ＝ 5

5 ×1 ＝ 5
6 ×1 ＝ 6

6 ×2 ＝ 12
6 ×1 ＝ 6

6 ×0 ＝ 0
7 ×2＝ 14

7 ×0 ＝ 0
7 ×0 ＝ 0

7 ×0 ＝ 0
8 ×2 ＝ 16

8 ×0 ＝ 0
8 ×0 ＝ 0

8 ×0 ＝ 0
总计：60

总计：56
总计：33

总计：36

A
I
B
H
E
F
G
D
C
总计
箱数
A

1/10
1/ 0
1/10

3
20
I
1/30
1/ 0

1/10
1/30

1/40
1/30

1/30
1/ 0
8
170
B

1/20

1/20

1/ 0
3
40
H

1/40