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Chinese Garden
In almost every garden, there is a large space in the garden set in a landscape of artistically arranged rockeries, ponds, pavilions, bridges, trees, and flowers.
Chinese gardens have their distinct national characteristics to pay attention to natural beauty so as to satisfy people's feeling of getting close to nature．
The Chinese garden is divided into three categories: the imperial gardens, the private gardens and the landscape gardens.
requires that artists have greater and higher ingenuity and imagination
Garden architecture is a combination of structures and man-made landscape with natural scenery. It does not only provide lodging but also landscaping with architecture, environment and human in full harmony.

Traditional Chinese architectural features
The fundamental elements
(1) the base built with earth, stone or brick;
(2) the earth or brick wall, and wood pillar and crossbeam; (3) roof
Characteristics:
(1) wood, brick, tile and earth as the main materials; (2) a framework;
(3) flexible layout-arranging; (4) standardized independent building;
(5) stressing the layout of the complex; (6) exquisite structure and decorations.
--The ancient palaces were strictly laid out on central axis.
-- Yellow roof tiles were used.
--The wooden columns of the buildings, as well as the surface of the walls, tend to be red in color.
--The Chinese dragon was heavily used on Imperial architecture.
Types of Ancient Chinese Architecture
Palace Architecture
Garden Architecture Temple Architecture Tomb Architecture Civilian Residential Housing
Architectural Features of Palace Architecture:
--The ancient palaces were strictly laid out on central axis.
-- Yellow roof tiles were used.
--The wooden columns of the buildings, as well as the surface of the walls, tend to be red in color.
--The dragon totem was frequently decorated on Imperial architecture.

Chinese garden architecture includes both grand imperial gardens and delicate private ones. They are all fine combinations of natural beauty and man-made scenery. The running water, hills and stones create an artistic environment with exquisite layouts of flowers, trees, gardens, bridges, and inscribed boards and scrolls hung on hall pillars.

Taoist Temple Confucian Temple Buddhist Temple Islamic Temple

Chinese modern architecture develops from 1949. It also has distinct characteristics. The modern architecture looks more beautiful. At present, nearly all the big cities in China have numerous high-rise buildings and lots of block of flats. Some are famous. Here are some examples

Ancient Modern
Characteristic Original ,various style and unique rigid, disharmonious
Comfort ability good better
Building material wood, brick made from earth, little amount metal brick, concrete,
all kinds of metal
Inspiration life and nature Western country
Building debris Almost friendly to environment Difficult to deal, only to bury

The most significant characteristic of ancient Chinese architecture:
the use of timber/wooden framework
Advantages: — materials for constructing such structures were easily available and construction methods were relatively simple
— the wooden frame structures are shock-resistant, because the parts are linked by tenon-and-mortise (榫卯) joints so that they are safer in earthquakes
— the wooden framework bears all the weight of the building, which makes the installation of both the outer and inner walls flexible and able to be placed in accordance with practical needs
Dis：— Their durability is not as good as structures of brick or stone.
— wood grows very slowly and cannot be cut on a large scale recklessly.

Imperial Palaces（宫殿建筑） Traditional Chinese Gardens（园林建筑）
Altars and Temples （坛庙建筑） Religious Structures（宗教建筑）
Tombs and Mausoleums（陵墓建筑） Residential Houses（民居建筑

Do you know why these houses usually face south?
--These houses usually face south in order to get more sunlight during winter.
--People believe that facing south will bring good feng shui.

1 The major features of palaces in ancient China 中国古代宫殿建筑的特点
Timber framework 木架结构Courtyard composition and layout 院落布局
Paint much used 多使用油漆Varied roof patterns 多变的屋顶
3 中国古代宫殿建筑的布局 The layout of the palaces
3.1 布局的特点 Characteristics of the layout： Courtyard composition院落布局Principle of symmetry 严格对称Principle of hierarchy 等级分明

White: Sinister, evil, crafty, treacherous, and suspicious. Anyone wearing a white mask is usually the villain. Green: Impulsive, violent, no self restraint or self control. Red: Brave, loyal.
Black: Rough, fierce, or impartial. Yellow: Ambitious, fierce, cool-headed.
Blue: Steadfast, someone who is loyal and sticks to one side no matter what.

The Official Schools
Great School (太学)Hong Du Men School （鸿都门学）Noble School (官邸学)
County School (郡国学)Private Schools: restored Jinshe (精舍) Jinglu (精庐)
Xueguan (学馆), Sishu(私塾)

(Maitreya(弥勒佛) , Avalokitesvara （观音）, Manjusri （文殊）, Samantabhadra （普贤）, Ksitigarbha （地藏）pantheistic(泛神论) Brahmanism(婆罗门), the ancient form of Hinduism（印度教）karma(因缘), samsara/transmigration轮回), and moksa/liberation(解脱

1. To live is to suffer. (苦)2. The cause of suffering is self-centered desire and attachments. (集)
3. Suffering ends when one is freed from desire. The solution is to eliminate desire and attachments , thus achieving Nirvana (灭)4. The way to Nirvana is through the “Eight-Fold Path.” (道)

The “Five Classics” (of the past):
The Book of Poetry (诗)The Book of Documents (书)The Book of Rites (礼)
Yi-Ching or Classic of Changes (易经）The Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋)

Paper -- first appeared in the Western Han Dynasty (206BC-23AD) In the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-220), a court official named Cai Lun made a new kind of paper from bark, hemp, rags, fishnet, wheat stalks and other materials.
Gunpowder, also called black powder, is a mixture of sulfur, charcoal, and potassium nitrate. has been widely used as a propellant in firearms and as a pyrotechnic composition in fireworks.
Printing is a process for reproducing text and image, typically with ink on paper using a printing press. By AD 593, woodblock printing was in wide use in China, and the first printed periodical, the Kaiyuan Za Bao was made available in Beijing in AD 713.
Compass The compass started out as a wooden circle with markings on it, and a magnetic spoon on top.

Zhang Heng: Hou Feng Di Dong Yi The armillary sphere
Zhoubi Suanjing《周髀算经》 Jiuzhang Suanshu《九章算术》
Jia Sixie贾思勰: Essential Skills in Improving People’s Life《齐民要术》：farming and husbandry
planting and drought control
Li Daoyuan郦道元: Notes on Water Classic 《水经注》
Shen Kuo 沈括: Brush Talks from Dream Brook 《梦溪笔谈》
Xu Xiake 徐霞客: The Travel Diaries of Xu Xiake《徐霞客游记
Xu Guangqi 徐光启: The Book of Agriculture 《农政全书》
Song Yingxing 宋应星: Exploitation of the Works of Nature 《天工开物》

Compared the IES with the college entrance examination
S: (1) select the talented to serve for the country(2) examination- oriented , students’ lack in creativity (3) fair superficially, actually unfair (4) top ones can win the reputation
(5) motivate the learners to acquire the knowledge(6) foster students’ competitive awareness
D: (1) The purposes are different . IES is influenced by politics , while the college entrance examination is not. (2) The period of the exams. IES: once every 3 years CEE: once a year
(3) Demands are different IES: the exam content is the Four Books and Five classics CEE: the exam content is arts and sciences
(4) The status of IES is higher than the college entrance examination
(5) Achievements IES: to be an official CEE: to enter the university
(6) Sex demand IES: limited to male CEE: female and male
(7) The college entrance examination is much more fair than IES.
(8) The college entrance examination has regional discrimination, but IES doesn’t have.
IEA & CEE
Both of them are selective and fair examinations to pick up the intellectuals .
The imperial examination system was to select the scholars to be officials.
The college entrance examination is to select students to enter the colleges .
Both of them are time-consuming and competitive examinations .
There is an old saying about the imperial examination system ,十年寒窗无人问,一举成名天下知
At present , students who enter the college entrance examination may study at primary schools and secondary schools for nealy 12 years.
Both of them focus on the written examinations, for instance the eight-part essays. To some extent, these examinations stifle the candidates' creativity and imagination.
Aim:
The imperial examination system was select scholars to be officials at various levels of the bureaucracy. It is used to serve the authorities and rulers.
The college entrance examination offers a way to students to fulfill their potential and academic performance.
Examination structure:
The imperial examination system emphasis the humanities, such as poem ,scripture and eight-part essays.
The college entrance examination includes the humanities and the sciences, such as English, physics and chemistry.
Thus, the college entrance examination is more comprehensive than IES.
Acceptance rates:
The acceptance rates of the imperial examination system is very low, such as zhuangyuan,bangyan and tanhua.
The acceptance rates of the college entrance examination is very much higher than the IES. The acceptance rates of the college entrance examination in 2012 was 75%.

The Eight-part essay (八股文): setting the theme (破题) exposition (承题)explanation (起讲)proceeding to set hand (入手)the stating part (起股) the middle part (中股) the real part (后股) the ending part (束股)

Ruler-minister: benevolence-loyalty              忠Father-son: kindness-filial piety                     孝
Husband-wife: righteousness-obedience        悌Elder-younger brother: gentility-humility      忍
Friend-friend: consideration-deference          善
ruler guides subject                        君为臣纲father guides son                            父为子纲
husband guides wife                       夫为妻纲

C & T
Confucianism advocates rationality while Taoism prefers to nature and intuition.
Confucianism takes the salvation as his task until the death.& Taoism takes the quiet as his personal integrity and let nature take its course.
Confucianism emphasizes the postnatal morality and thinks that humanity cannot be perfect.& Taoism emphasizes the nature and thinks that more natural, more perfect the humanity can be.
The view of life of Confucianism is to cultivate one’s own country.& And the Taoism’s is to let nature take its course for a harmony society and to go and live in seclusion rather than mutual help and relied in time of poverty.
Confucianism advocates promising while Taoism prefers to govern by doing nothing that is against nature.
Confucianism emphasizes discipline while Taoism pays attention to regimen.

Taoism
1) outlook of universe 2)outlook of life 3)political outlook non-action 无为而治

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