研究生计算机专业英语考试资料.doc

一、 把下列词汇翻译成英语（每小题1分，共18分）

5

1) 分布式系统Distributed Network Operating System
2) 命中率 hit rate
3) 管程 monitor
4) 互斥 mutual exclusion
5) 临界区 Critical Section
6) 宽度优先搜索  breadth first search
7) 容错 fault-tolerance
8) 嵌入式系统embedded operating system
9) 人机交互human-computer interaction
10) 约束满足Constraint Satisfaction
11) 搜索引擎 search engine
12) 代理网关Proxy Gateway
13) 关系代数 relation algebra
14) 死锁检测  deadlock detection
15) 分形压缩Fractal compression
16) 布尔搜索boolean search
17) 地址解析协议Address Resolution Protocol
18) 素数定理prime number theorem
二、把下列术语翻译成汉语（每个1分，共17分）

1. portability可 移 植 性

2. hash coding哈希编码
3. disk mirroring  磁盘镜像
4. expansion slot扩展插槽
5. touch screen触摸屏
6. Page fault页面错误
7. virtual reality虚拟现实
8. Electronic commerce电子商务
9. instruction prefetch 指令领取
10. space complexity空间复杂度
11. pattern match模式匹配
12. Data warehouse数据仓库
13. eigenvalue特征值
14. course ware 课件
15. collision detection冲突检测
16. ontology本体工程学
17. cross-platform跨平台

三、写出下列缩写词的英文全称，并翻译成汉语（每小题2分，共16分）
GUI Graphical User Interface 图形用户界面
RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer，精简指令集计算机
BLOB Binary Large Object二进制大对象
AI Artificial Intelligence人工智能
CAD Computer Aided Design 计算机辅助设计
DSS Decision Support System决策支持系统
USB Universal Serial BUS通用串行总线
HTML Hyper Text Mark-up Language超文本标记语言
四、用英语回答问题（每小题5分，共35分）
1.What is the common structure of a presentation? And which parts are important and must be explained clearly?
Answer:
Title of the presentation/name/affiliation of the author
Outline
Why/What you want to do
Prior art /related work/ what’s new
How to do
Results
Evaluation: contributions/advantages/limitations
Applications/recommendations
Conclusion/future work
“What’s new”，“how to do”，and “results” are important and must be explained clearly.

2. What is the clear structure of a scientific paper? Which sections do you need to address in detail?
Answer:
A scientific paper usually consists of the abstract, keywords(optional), introduction, method, result, discussion(optional),conclusion \future work, and reference
Introduction method and result must be addressed in detail.

3.What is the common structure of a thesis? What should be declared on the cover page?
Answer:
A thesis generally consists of the cover page, abstract, acknowledgement, table of contents, list of figures/tables, chapters, list of publications, and bibliography.
The cover page provides the basic information of you and your thesis, including the title of your thesis, your research direction, your name and affiliation, and the submitting time of your thesis.
4. What kinds of documents are generally necessary to apply for a visa?
Answer:
The required documents vary with the countries, but generally the following are necessary:
Visa application forms with two photographs
Your passport
The certificate of flight reservation and hotel reservation
The balance certificate of your personal bank account
Confirmation of your status and affiliation
Official invitation letter from the conference organizing committee
Visa application fee

5.Before submitting your paper to an international journal/transaction, what information should you get? And where can you find that?
Answer:
Before submitting your paper to an international journal/transaction, you should be familiar with the submission guideline for the appropriate publication. The guideline information can generally be found through selecting the link in the author resources section of the web page provided by the journal
Read carefully the aim, scope, policy, and submission procedure of the journal. Then click on the submit manuscript icon and submit your paper step by step according to the textual prompt.

6.What search sites do you often use? Do you know any popular database of research?
Answer:
Most popular search sites at present are probably Google and Yahoo!.
Engineering Village provides access to the top information resources in the applied science, technical and engineering fields including Compendex and Inspec.
7.What should you consider of when you select a research subject?
Answer:
follow your interest, attend to new theory or technology, think independently, search literature extensively, interdisciplinary research provides new opportunity
五、英译汉（25分）

This isn’t AI for AI’s sake—this renaissance is not one of stand-alone AI applications. Unlike first-generation AI applications, AI now can be embedded in heterogeneous networked computing environments and used for search, retrieval, and analysis of previously unimaginable quantities of data. Because the wealth of data makes direct human analysis impossible, AI-based support has become necessary to help users fully exploit that information.

Although computers have become ubiquitous, many people still clearly prefer pen and paper for many tasks because pen and paper note-taking is frequently less intrusive, less noisy, more flexible, more convenient and simpler than current computer alternatives.

AI paradigms are not orthogonal among themselves. They are rather successive steps in our knowledge of what a cognitive system should be. It seems that currently at least three paradigms are used in AI. Let us call them the be haviourist paradigm, the agent paradigm, and the artificial life paradigm.

Predicting the results of the next generation of fundamental research requires either bravery or foolishness. One need not hazard such risks, however, to identify the core challenges facing the next generation of AI systems, namely, exhibiting robust operation in hostile environments, broad and deep knowledge of large domains, the ability to interact naturally with people, and a degree of self-understanding and internal integrity.

While the first industrial revolution was fuelled by natural resources, the second is being fuelled by information and knowledge — which justifies the fourth century slogan: ‘Knowledge is power’. Today, a sure way for a company to commit commercial suicide is by failing to protect its intellectual property (i.e. knowledge) and by ignoring the machines of the second industrial revolution. Those companies that make current machines more intelligent and exploit them to their advantage are set to dominate the twenty-first century.
这不是AI领域所追求的目标。这一新生产物不属于独立的AI应用，不同于新一代AI应用。AI 现在可以嵌入到异构网络计算环境并可以用于搜索、检测、和分析以前无法想象的大量数据。因为大量的数据直接进行人工分析是不可能办到的事情，使用基于AI的支持来帮助用户充分利用这些信息已变得很必要。
虽然计算机已经普遍存在，对于许多任务，很多人仍然很明确的更喜欢使用纸和笔，因为用纸和笔做记录，与当前的计算机相比通常较不具有侵入性、噪音少、更灵活、更方便也更简单。
AI范式之间并不彼此正交。它们相当成功地介入了我们对于认知系统应该是什么的知识看来，目前在AI领域至少使用了三种范式。让我们称它们为haviourist范式、agent范式和人造生命范式。
对于下一代基础研究结果的预测要么需要勇气要么需要愚蠢，不需要面对这样的危险，而是，能够识别出第二代人工智能系统所面临的核心挑战，即在恶劣的环境、广泛而深入的知识大领域中表现出的鲁莽性，能够自然的与人类进行交互的能力和一定程度的自我理解力与内在的完整性。
第一次工业革命是由自然资源驱动的，第二次工业革命是由信息和知识驱动的….这就证明了第四世纪的口号：“知识就是力量”。今天，一个公司进行商业自杀的明确方式就是未能保护好自己的知识产权和忽视第二次工业革命带来的机器。能够将当前的机器变得更智能并且能够将它们作为自己优势的公司开始主宰21世纪。