英语四级传统阅读长难句及部分猜题技巧.pptx

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,#,Words Review,dominate;domination,origin;original,astrophysics,lens,gender,dismiss,visual,accusation,stereotype,instruct;instruction;instructor,statistic,grant,eliminate,inherent,respondent,perspective,collaborative,mechanism,minimum;minimize,maintain,courtesy;courteous,adequate,margin,长难句分析,英语句子基本结构：,1),主语,+,谓语,(SV),The sun rises.,2),主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,(SVO),We are learning English.,3),主语,+,谓语,+,间接宾语,+,直接宾语,(SVOO),He gave me a lovely present.,4),主语,+,谓语,+,主语补语,(SVC);,主语,+,连系动词,+,表语,(SLP),He died a poor man.,Tom is a professor.,5),主语,+,谓语,+,宾语,+,宾语补语,(SVOC),He found English interesting.,长难句特点：,1,、主语或宾语拉长,2,、分词短语打头,3,、多个谓语动词连用,4,、举例作为插入语,5,、并列句连用使得句子变长,6,、多重复合句叠加,总原则：浓缩主干，找出核心句型,1,、主语或宾语拉长,解决方法：有效分解主谓成分，断开之后各个击破。,The streams,lakes,meadows(,草地）,mountain ridges and forests that make the Pocono an ideal place for black bears have also attracted more people to the region.,（,2005.6,）,溪流、湖泊、草地、山脉、森林，这些不仅使得,Pocono,成为黑熊理想的栖息地，而且吸引了越来越多人来到这里。,In Africa I met a boy,，,who was crying as if his heart would break and said,，,when I spoke to him,，,that he was hungry because he had had no food for two days.,结构分析：,（,1,）主干结构是主语,+,过去式,+,宾语：,I met a boy,。,（,2,）,crying,后面是壮语从句,as if his heart would break,。,（,3,）,when I spoke to him,是介于,said,和,that he was hungry because,之间的插入语。,There was little hope of continuing my inquiries after dark to any useful purpose in a neighborhood that was strange to me.,分析：该句可分为：,There was little hope/,of continuing my inquiries/,after dark/,to any useful purpose/,in a neighborhood that was strange to me.,2,、分词短语打头，句子呈现三段（或三段以上）的长句式,解决方法：理清主动和被动关系。一般来说现在分词与主语之间是主动关系；而过去分词与主语之间是被动关系。,Operating out of a century-old schoolhouse in the village of Long Pond,Pennsylvania,the Conservancys Bud Cook,(,大自然保护协会,),is working with local people and business leaders to balance economic growth environmental protection.,在宾西法尼亚州的朗庞德村庄有一栋上百年历史的校舍，大自然保护协会的成员巴德,-,库克就在这里办公，他与当地人民和商业领导合作，以努力平衡好经济发展与环境保护之间的关系。,介词短语位于句首类似分词短语形式。,In a time of low academic achievement by children in the United States,many Americans are turning to Japan,a country of high academic achievement and economic success,for possible answers.,（,2005.1,）,turn to sb for sth,有一段时间，美国的儿童学业表现不尽如人意，许多人于是转向日本，想从中,寻求可能的解决办法，因为日本不仅经济实力强，而且学术成就也很高。,e.g.To prepare children for successful careers in first grade and beyond,Japanese schools do not teach reading,writing,and mathematics,but rather skills such as persistence,concentration,and the ability to work as a member of a group.,（,2005.1,）,Q,：,In Japans preschool education,the focus is on-,A.preparing children academically,B.developing childrens artistic interests,C.tapping childrens potential,D.shaping childrens character,不定式,to,位于句首表目的，是考试重点。,3,、多个谓语动词连用,解决方法：遇到多个谓语动词连用情况要分清主句谓语动词和从句的谓语动词。英语句子本身就犹如一棵大树，只能有一个主干起支撑作用，其他起辅助作用。,Scratchy throats,stuffy noses and body aches all,spell,misery,but being able to,tell,if the cause,is,a cold or flu(,流感）,may,make a difference in how long the misery lasts.,（,2005.1,）,4,、举例作为插入语提示词,such as;for example;including etc.,快速阅读的时候通常会把它省略，即忽略不看。,但是，如果根据文章问题回原文定位句子时，如果定位的关键句子包含了以上插入语中的任何一种形式，则答案往往就在此处。例如：,Finally,other people may give us instrumental supportfinancial aid,material resources,and needed servicesthat reduces stress by helping us resolve and cope with our problems,.,Q,Helping a sick neighbor with some repair work is an example of,A.instrumental support,B.informational support,C.social companionship,D.the strengthening of self-respect,（,1,）,Cold symptoms such as stuffy nose,runny nose and scratchy throat typically develop gradually,and adults and teens often do not get a fever.,（,2005.1,）,翻译：普通感冒患者的一些典型症状，如鼻塞、流鼻涕、喉咙发痒，发作比较缓慢，成人和青少年患者一般不会有发热症状。,（,2,）,And in general,flu symptoms including fever and chills,sore throat and body aches come on suddenly and are more severe than cold symptoms.,（,2005.1,）,翻译：一般来说，流感症状包括发烧、发冷、喉咙发痒、浑身疼痛，比普通感冒的症状来得突然和猛烈。,注意：插入语有时可以换成短语，如介词短语、不定式短语等等；还可以换成有两个破折号引起的插入语成分。,It is 37 years later.Stokoenow devoting his time to writing and editing books and journals and to producing video materials on ASL and deaf cultureis having lunch at a caf near the Gallaudet campus and explaining how he started a revolution.(2004.6),时间过了,37,年。现在,Stoloe,在,Gallaudet,校园旁边的一家餐厅吃午餐，一边谈他是怎样开始革命的。目前,Stoloe,致力于撰写和编辑关于美国手语和聋哑人文化的书籍和杂志，以及制作相关的录像材料。,在主语后面加上同位语、插入语、或非限制性定语从句，（甚至是一个句子的主干主语）,注意：发现主语后面有一个逗号，立刻寻找另一个逗号，中间的内容跳读！,A recent study,published in last weeks Journal of the American Medical Association,offers a picture of how risky it is to get a lift from a teenage driver.,Robert Foss,a scientist at the University of North Carolina Highway Safety Research Center,says the higher death rates for teenage drivers have less to do with“really stupid behavior”than with just a lack of driving experience.,RTCA,an organization which advises the aviation航空,)industry,has recommended that all airlines ban(,禁止,)such devices from being used during critical stages of flight,particularly take-off and landing.,The fact that ordinary citizens are now starting to think seriously about the nations moral climate,says this ethics(,伦理学,)professor at the University of Chicago,is reason to hope that new ideas will come forward to improve it.,5,、并列句连用使得句子变长（主谓宾都可以并列）,并列句是四级阅读理解中的主要句式。出题人会把几个成分相同的并列句子，通过剔除多余成分从而使其合并为一个很长的句子。,解决方法：破解这样句子的关键是要弄清楚两个句子的逻辑关系，补全成分后重新还原为几个单独的句子即可。例如：,To make matters worse for the government,it soon emerged,that,the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office,and that,she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.(2004.6),翻译：对政府来说，更糟糕的是，不久得知的消息是，王妃的安哥拉之行得到过外事办的批准，并且她事实上非常了解安哥拉的形势和英国政府关于地雷的政策。,相当于拆分成三个句子：,(1)To make matters worse for the government,(2)It soon emerged that the Princesss trip had been approved by the Foreign Office.,(3)It soon emerged that she was in fact very well-informed about both the situation in Angola and the British governments policy regarding landmines.,6,、多重复合句叠加,一个长句子当中可能包含了好几种句式（并列的定语从句、状语从句、介词短语等等）。,解决方法分清主从句，理清句子逻辑关系至关重要。例如：,（,1,）,Then there is the general,all covering apology,which,avoids the necessity of identifying a specific act,that,was particularly hurtful or insulting,and which the person,who,is apologizing should promise never to do again.(2006.1),(2)More than three million people live in inner London,and nearly five million people live in the surrounding suburban area,which,is made up of formerly separate villages,that,have merged to form,what,is now called outer London.,The children,who,are raised in an environment,where,there are many stimuli(,刺激因素,),which,develop their ability,for,appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,The fact that the average Englishmans home has become his workshop is partly because he is enthusiastic about working with his hands and partly because he feels,for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs for which,some years ago,he would have hired professional help.,The fact,that,the average Englishmans home has become his workshop is partly because he is enthusiastic about working,with,his hands and partly because he feels,for one reason or another that he must do for himself many household jobs,for which,some years ago,he would have hired professional help.,传统阅读,11,大秘笈,1,、体现中心思想的选项是答案,文中的细节、例子、引语都是为了说明文章主旨、段落主旨，,所以考细节的题目，虽然不是主旨题，但能体现中心思想或段落主旨的选项是答案的可能性要远远大于其他选项,。,例如四级,00-1-26,的,A),、,00-1-35,的,A),、,00-1-36,的,A),、,00-12-24,的,A),、,01-6-20,的,C),、,02-1-11,的,A),、,02-l-30,的,A),。,2,、看似合理的选项不是答案；看似不合理的选项是答案,四个选择项中若有一个对问题而言、根据常识看似不合理，而其他几项根据常识都可合理地作为问题的答案，此时若我们没看懂,(,或在听力理解中未听懂,),文中意思，我们可以大胆猜测这个,看似不合理的选项是答案,。,例如四级,99-1-37,的,B),和,C),；,00-1-35,的,B),、,C),、,D),；,00-6-66,的,B),；,00-12-21,的,B),、,D),；,00-12-24,的,B),、,C),、,D),。,3,、照抄原文的选项不是答案；和原文作同义替换的选项是答案,在设计题目时，为了迷惑考生，命题者一般都会将原文中的内容换个说法作为正确答案的选项，而将某些与题干问题不符的原文原话作为干扰项，或将原文中的某些句子做了细微的改变引诱考生上当。,例如四级,00-1-22,的,D),；,00-1-34,的,B),、,C),；,00-6-58,的,B),；,01-6-11,的,D),；,00-6-70,的,D),；,00-12-27,的,A),；,01-6-11,的,C),；,01-6-14,的,B),；,01-6-29,的,B),；,01-6-30,的,A),；,02-1-27,的,D),；,02-1-31,的,C),；,02-1-32,的,B),；,02-1-37,的,D),；,02-1-38,的,A),。,4,、含义肯定的选项不是答案；含义不肯定的选项是答案,选项中的,might,等词语可以表达某种委婉、中庸、不肯定的语气，为表达的观点留有余地，而含义肯定的词语则使得句意有些绝对、没有余地。凡事都不能太绝对，所以听力、阅读中的选项“含义肯定的不是答案，含义不肯定的是答案”，含义不肯定的标志有：,can,，,could,probably,may,might,be likely to,most(,大多数,),，,more or less,relatively,等。含有这些词的备选项是答案的可能性较大。例如四级,00-1-23,的,B),；,00-1-24,的,A),、,B),、,C),；,00-1-34,的,1),：,016-15,的,D),。,5,、含义绝对的选项不是答案,凡事不可太绝对，所以含义中庸、折中、不肯定、不确定的选项是答案的可能性要大于含义绝对的选项。表示一种绝对含义的词语有：,must,，,always,，,never,the most(,最高级,),，,all,only,，,any,，,none,，,entirely,等。也就是说，,选项中含有上述词语时，是答案的可能性较小。,例如四级,01-6-13,的,D),；,01-6-23,的,A),；,02-1-39,的,D),。,但是，当选择项在表示原因，表示方式、方法时，此猜题技巧不适例,如四级,98-6-40,的,D),、,99-1-24,的C),、,99-1-29,的,B),6,、含义具体的选项不是答案，含义概括的选项是答案,有些题目的四个备选项中，有些备选项的意思可以被另外一个选项包括进去、若选前者，则后者也说的过去，而一道标准化试题是不可能有两个答案的，所以答案必为,能包含前者的后者,。,7,、含有,some,（包括,someone,、,somebody,、,sometime,、,something,等）的选项是答案,some,常常表达一种不确定、模糊，泛指的含义，而这既符合“含义不肯定的选项是答案”，又符合“含义概括的选项是答案”。例如四级,00-1-36,的,A),、,00-11-37,的,D),、,02-1-39,的B),8,、简单的不是答案，复杂的是答案,命题者为了使题有一定难度，通常要把干扰项设计成简单易懂的句子，而有意将作为答案的选项设计成句式复杂、意思含混：因此有以下猜题技巧,：“含义矛盾的选项是答案”、“复合句是答案”：“含有比较结构的选项是答案”、“体现原文字面意思的选项不是答案，表达原文内在含义的选项是答案”。,例如四级,00-6-61,的,B),、,01-6-13,的,A),、,98-1-22,的,C),、,98-1-26,的,A),等。,含义具体的选项不是答案，,含义抽象的选项是答案。,例如四级,99-6-26,的,B),99-6-30,的,A),9,、英语里有一些含义丰富的“小词”，特别是一些形容词，副词，介词,他们本身并没有什么意思，但句子中加了这些词，含义会更加丰富，更加隐蔽，对付考生非常有效，而且这些词常作答案，可称之为“,虚词型的答案,”。,(1),不考本身。但,要考,：,another,另一个，,other,剩下的，,more,更多的，,earlier,早点的，,1ater,晚点的，,besides,除此之外,additional,额外的，,extra,多余的，,eventually,最终的。,(2),不考一般的，而,要考,：,especially,特别,different,不同的,particularly,特殊。,(3),不考完全的，而,要考,：,nearlyalmost,。,(4),不考具体的，而,要考,概括的：,either,both,also,as well,。考生碰到此问题要加倍小心。,阅读理解选择题中，含有如下词语的选项是答案的可能性大：,another,、,other,、,more,、,either,、,1ater,、,both,、,either,、,also,、,besides,、,additional,、,extra,、,different,、,particular,、,nearly,、,almost,、,especially,、,eventually,、,表示“部分”的词语。例如四级,99-6-26,的,D),、,99-1-28的,D),、,98-1-19,的,A)99-1-32,的,A),、,99-6-24,的,c),、,99-6-37,的,D),、,99-6-38,的,D),等。,10,、发展变化是答案,听力和阅读理解常常以一件事发生了变化为命题对象，所以“表示变化的选项是答案”，表示变化的词语主要有：,change,、,delay,、,improvement,、,postpone,、,increase,、,alter,等。,例如四级,98-6-22,的,B),、,99-l-25,的,D),、,99-6-34,的,B),，,00-1-31,的,D),、,00-1-38,的,D),。,11,、含有表示“重要”的选项是答案,表示“重要”的词主要有：,important,、,necessity,essential,等。,例如四级,98-6-36,的,D),；,00-1-31,的,D),。,