芬兰的环境相关法令.docx

芬蘭的環境相關法令
http://www.lexadin.nl/wlg/legis/nofr/eur/lxwefin.htm

Environmental Law
Act on Jointly Owned Forests
Act on Mets allitus
Act on Trade in Forest Reproductive Material
Act on Water Services (119/2001)
Act on the Financing of Sustainable Forestry
Decree on the Financing of Sustainable Forestry
Environmental Protection Act
Forest Act 1996
Forest Decree
Forest Management Association Act
Forest Management Association Decree
Nature Conservation Act (1096/1996)
Waste Act (1072/1993)
Waste Oil Charge Act (894/1986)

N:o 86/2000
Issued in Helsinki, February 4, 2000
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT
By decision of Parliament the following is enacted:
Chapter 1
General provisions
Section 1
Objective of the Act
The objective of this Act is:
1) to prevent the pollution of the environment and to repair and reduce damage caused by pollution;
2) to safeguard a healthy, pleasant ecologically diverse and sustainable environment;
3) to prevent the generation and the harmful effects of waste;
4) to improve and integrate assessment of the impact of activities that pollute the environment;
5) to improve citizens' opportunities to influence decisions concerning the environment;
6) to promote sustainable use of natural resources; and
7) to combat climate change and otherwise support sustainable development.
Section 2
Scope of application
This Act applies to all activities that lead or may lead to environmental pollution as laid down below. This Act also applies to activities that generate waste, and to the recovery and disposal of waste.
This Act does not apply to activities prescribed upon in the Act on the Prevention of Pollution From Ships (300/1979) nor in the Act on the Protection of the Sea (1415/1994). Nor does this Act apply to prevention of the harmful effects of radiation in so far as it is prescribed upon in the Nuclear Energy Act (990/1987) or the Radiation Act (592/1991), nor to prevention of pollution of bodies of water as laid down in the Agreement on Frontier Rivers (SopS 54/1971) between Finland and Sweden.
Exceptions to the application of this Act may be laid down by decree if so required by national security, emergency supply or the special nature of the Defence Forces' activities.
The provisions of international agreements on the protection of the seas that are binding on Finland shall be observed when this Act is applied. In addition, what is laid down elsewhere in the law shall be observed pertaining to prevention of environmental pollution.
Section 3
Definitions 2
In this Act:
1) environmental pollution refers to such emission or deposit of a substance, energy, noise, vibration, radiation, light, heat or odour caused by human activity in the environment that either alone or together with other emissions:
a) causes harm to health;
b) causes harm to nature and its functioning;
c) prevents or materially hinders the use of natural resources;
d) decreases the general amenity of the environment or degenerates special cultural values;
e) reduces the environment's suitability for general recreation purposes;
f) damages or harms property or its use; or
g) constitutes a comparable violation of the public or private good.
2) activity that poses a threat of environmental pollution refers to the founding or use of an installation, the use of an area or the arrangement of activities in such a way as may result in environmental pollution;
3) harm to health refers to illnesses diagnosed in people, other disturbances of health or the presence of a factor or circumstance that may impair the health of the population or the healthiness of an individual's living environment;
4) best available technique refers to methods of production and treatment that are as efficient and advanced as possible and technologically and economically feasible, and to methods of designing, constructing, maintenance and operation with which the pollutive effect of activities can be prevented or most efficiently reduced;
5) operator refers to natural and legal persons who are engaged in activities that pose a risk of pollution or who are de facto responsible for such activities;
6) water body refers to water areas referred to in chapter 1, section 1, paragraph 2, and to territorial waters referred to in section 3 of the Water Act (264/1961); and
7) groundwater refers to water in the ground or in bedrock.
A technique is technologically and economically feasible when it is generally available and may be applied in the relevant field at a reasonable cost. More detailed provisions concerning the factors to be taken into account when defining the best available technique shall be laid down by decree.
Section 4
General principles
The following principles apply to activities that pose a risk of pollution:
1) harmful environmental impact shall be prevented or, when it cannot be prevented completely, reduced to a minimum (principle of preventing and minimizing harmful impact);
2) the proper care and caution shall be taken to prevent pollution as entailed by the nature of the activity, and the probability of pollution, risk of accident and opportunities to prevent accidents and limit their effects shall be taken into account (principle of caution and care);
3) the best available technique shall be used (principle of best available technique);
4) combinations of various methods, such as work methods, shall be used and such raw materials and fuels shall be selected as provide appropriate and cost-efficient means to prevent pollution (principle of environmentally best use).
It is the duty of parties engaged in activities that pose a risk of pollution to prevent impact and eliminate or minimize harmful environmental effects (principle of 'polluter pays').
Section 5 3
General duties
Operators must have sufficient knowledge of their activities' environmental impact and risks and of ways to reduce harmful effects (knowledge requirement).
In addition, the general duties laid down in sections 4 and 6 of the Waste Act (1072/1993) must be observed in activities posing a risk of pollution.
Section 6
Selection of location
Activities posing a risk of pollution must be located so that they will not cause pollution or pose a risk thereof and so that pollution can be prevented, whenever feasible.
The following shall be taken into account when the suitability of a location is being assessed:
1) the nature of the activity, the probability of pollution occurring and the accident risk;
2) the present and future land use indicated in a legally binding land-use plan for the area and its surroundings and the plan regulations that concern the area; and
3) other possible locations in the area.
Section 7
Soil pollution prohibition
Waste or other substances shall not be left or discharged on the ground or in the soil so as to result in such deterioration of soil quality as may endanger or harm health or the environment, substantially impair the amenity of the site or cause comparable violation of the public or private good (soil pollution prohibition).
Section 8
Groundwater pollution prohibition
A substance shall not be deposited in or energy conducted to a place or handled in a way that:
1) groundwater may become hazardous to health or its quality otherwise materially deteriorate in areas important to water supply or otherwise suitable for such use;
2) groundwater on the property of another may become hazardous to health or otherwise unsuitable for usage; or
3) the said action may otherwise violate the public or private good by affecting the quality of groundwater (groundwater pollution prohibition).
The action referred to above in paragraph 1 is also deemed to include action separately prescribed upon by decree and the discharge into groundwater of substances hazardous to the environment and health as prohibited by decree. A decree may only pertain to action referred to in the relevant directive of the European Community.
Section 9
Special prohibitions pertaining to the sea
No action may be taken on Finnish territory, inland waters or territorial waters that may cause marine pollution outside Finnish territorial waters, as referred to in the Act on the Protection of the Sea.
Waste or other substances may not be discharged into Finnish territorial waters to be sunk or otherwise deposited from a Finnish or foreign vessel, vehicle 4
travelling on ice, aircraft or a sea-going unit referred to in section 4, paragraph 2, of the Act on the Protection of the Sea, nor may a vessel, sea-going unit or aircraft be sunk or abandoned, taking into account the provisions of section 7, paragraph 3, of the Act on the Protection of the Sea on corresponding action outside territorial waters. The same applies to dumping substances into the sea from the shore with the intention of sinking or depositing them.
The prohibition referred to above in paragraph 2 does not apply to the dumping of snow into the sea. Discharging dredged spoils in a water area is prescribed upon in the Water Act.
Chapter 2
Decrees and regulations
Section 10
General principles
The Government may, as laid down below in this chapter, issue necessary provisions by decree for the purpose of preventing and reducing environmental pollution.
The provisions of sections 4-6 shall be taken into account when the decrees referred to in this chapter are issued.
When decrees are drawn up, the authorities and parties whose activities or interests the relevant issue specially concerns shall be provided with an opportunity to state their opinion.
Section 11
Quality of the environment and emissions
The Government may stipulate by decree:
1) on the quality, monitoring and observation of the environment;
2) on emissions into the environment, public sewer, restriction of emissions and enforcement of emission limits;
3) on limiting or prohibiting discharge into the environment or public sewer of substances that are hazardous to health or the environment;
4) on limiting or prohibiting specially disturbing noise or vibration during certain times;
5) on limiting the discharge or deposit of sludge in the environment or prohibiting the discharge into the environment of sludge that contains substances hazardous to health or the environment; and
6) on the passing of agricultural nitrates into bodies of water, and on other water protection requirements to be observed in agriculture.
Section 12
Certain activities
In addition to what is laid down in section 11, the Government may stipulate by decree:
1) on methods, equipment, buildings and structures needed to reduce emissions from agriculture, animal husbandry, fur farming and forestry and peat production and fish farming, and on environmental protection requirements related to the location of activities;
2) on methods, equipment, buildings and structures needed to reduce emissions from plants or boiler plants generating less that 10 Mw of power or heat, asphalt stations, stone crushing plants, stone quarries or other stone quarrying activities and fuel stations and other comparable activities and on environmental protection requirements related to the location of such 5 activities, when consistent environmental protection measures are applicable in the sector concerned;
3) on the reduction of emissions by sectors or from activities using volatile organic compounds; and
4) on the environmental protection requirements and supervision concerning the institutional or commercial utilization or recovery of waste.
Section 13
Motor vehicles, machinery and equipment
The Government may stipulate by decree;
1) on limiting the idling of motor vehicles in areas other than roads referred to in road traffic legislation;
2) on emissions from machinery and equipment and on prohibiting or restricting their use or placement on the market and on their marking requirements.
It may be laid down in the decree referred to above in paragraph 1, subparagraph 2, that a party placing machinery or equipment on the market must acquire type approval or indicate by means laid down in more detail by decree that the machinery or equipment meets the requirements of the decree.
The decree referred to above in paragraph 1, subparagraph 2, and in paragraph 2 may be issued only if so required in the acts of the European Community.
Section 14
Soil
The Government may stipulate by decree:
1) on the maximum permitted content of harmful substances in the soil for different uses of soil, and on the maximum concentrations of harmful substances for the purpose of assessing level of contamination and need for treatment;
2) on handling and containing contaminated surface deposits, technical standards of treatment and treatment methods and observation and supervision.
The Government may issue decrees as referred to above in paragraph 1 which also apply to the beds of waters, as applicable.
Section 15
Substances, preparations and products
If the use of a fuel or of a substance, preparation or product with an adverse impact on the atmosphere gives rise to emissions which may be justifiably deemed to cause harm to health or to pollute the environment, the Government may stipulate by decree:
1) on limiting or prohibiting the manufacture, import, placing on the market, export, transfer or use of a substance, preparation or product;
2) on the composition and marking of a substance, preparation or product that is manufactured, placed on the market, imported, exported, transferred or used.
In addition, the Chemicals Act (744/1989) contains restrictions and prohibitions pertaining to chemicals, and the Product Safety Act (914/1986) contains provisions on the safety of products.
Section 16
Other decrees
In addition, the Government may stipulate by decree on the validity and revision of environmental permits and on regulations issued in the permits, and 6
on requirements comparable to those referred to above in sections 11_15 needed to prevent environmental pollution, for the purpose of enforcing relevant acts of the European Community and Finland's international obligations.
Section 17
Granting an exception
The Ministry of the Environment may grant an exception to a decree issued under sections 11-16, on basis of the grounds laid down in the decree.
In addition, the Ministry may grant an exception to Council Regulation (EC) No. 3093/94 on substances that deplete the ozone layer on the grounds laid down therein.
Exceptions are granted on application. Before the Ministry of the Environment grants an exception it shall provide the regional environment centre, relevant local authority and a registered organization referred to in section 92 with an opportunity to be heard concerning the application. The decision shall be publicized as laid down in the Act on providing information in administrative matters (2