海牙国际私法会议.doc

...../

n

...../

履约机制论文：海牙国际私法会议保护儿童权利公约履约机制研究

【中文摘要】儿童是一个民族的未来,是一个国家的希望,如何去保护儿童,让他们健康快乐的成长,让他们保持着是纯净而美好的心灵,一直是全人类努力为之所奋斗的。由于儿童的心理和身体都没有发育完善,所以往往在遇到一些外界伤害的时候他们无法进行很好的自我保护,处于在弱势的地位,如何去帮助这些渴望得到关怀的孩子们,一贯是海牙国际私法会议工作的重点内容。海牙会议通过订立了一系列相关公约,形成了儿童权利保护公约的体系,以此从实践上加大对于儿童权利保护的规范。海牙儿童权利保护公约的履行情况良好与否密切关系着在实践中儿童的切身利益是否真正有效的得到了保护,而在归纳总结的基础上对公约履约机制的研究可以更好的促进儿童权利保护公约的实施。海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的建立是非常有必要的。海牙儿童权利保护公约的目标促成了其履约机制的建立,而履约机制的建立是影响公约能否良好实施的重要因素。履约机制的建立在很大程度上决定了公约的实施,因为履约机制的建立对于公约的实施起到了监督的作用并且指导了公约实施方向。而从另一方面来说,正是由于公约的实施才真正实现了履约机制建立的。海牙儿童权利保护公约所确立的履约机制主要有司法与行政合作机制、审议机制以及实践报告机制。司法与行政合作机制是当今国际合作机制中比较新型、有效的模式,现在被越来越广泛的运用,其包括了中央机关合作模式以及主管机关之间的合作模式等等。而在司法与行政合作机制中,中央机关合作制度是最为重要的模式,中央机关合作制度有模式双向化以及功能多样化的特点,各缔约国需要根据实际情况指定相应的中央机关,以便进行国际合作。审议机制是海牙国际私法会议定期召开相关会议,对于儿童权利保护公约在各国的履行情况进行客观评估,以便及时发现问题,寻求切实的解决方案,该机制已成功运用于1980年海牙诱拐公约,1993年海牙跨国收养公约,以及1996年海牙父母责任公约中。实施公约的良好实践指南是在了解公约在各缔约方具体实施状况的基础上进行的归纳总结,对于成员国今后如何更好的履行公约起到了指向性的作用,1980年海牙诱拐公约良好实践指南以及1993年海牙跨国收养公约良好实践指南在具体实施公约的过程中都起到了重要的作用。目前1980年《国际诱拐儿童民事方面的公约》仅对中国香港地区和中国澳门地区生效。2000年11月中国签署了1993年的海牙《跨国收养方面保护儿童及合作公约》,全国人大常委会在2005年4月批准了该公约,2006年1月该收养公约在中国生效,该公约同时适用于中国香港和中国澳门特别行政区。中国在履约过程中还存在着系列问题,例如涉外收养法律机制不够完善、儿童最大利益原则贯彻不够彻底、履约的配套机制不够完善等。因此,中国需要从各方面进一步完善海牙儿童权利保护公约的履行机制。
【英文摘要】Children are the future of an nation and the hope for a country. How to protect them to grow up healthily and happily while maintian a pure and beautiful soul is what all mankind has been striven to achieve. Due to the underdeveloped psychological and physical condition of children, they can not protect themselves very well in the face of the hurt from the outside world and thus are reduced to a comparatively weak position. How to help those children eager to get care has always been the main focus of the work of Hague Conference on Private International Law. To better the protection of the rights of children in practice, the conference passed and concluded a series of related conventions which finally formed a system. The performance of the conventions is closely related to the real protection of the immediate interests of children, and on the basis of conclusion,a research over the convention implementing mechanism can help to prompote the implementation of the protection conventions of the rights of children.It is essential to establish the Hague implementing mechanism of protecting the rights of children. The aim of the protection conventions helps to promote the establishment of the convention implementing mechanism, while at the same time,the system plays an important role in the effective implementation of the conventions. The convention implementing mechanism decides the implementation of the conventions to a large extent, for its establishment has a supervisory role over the implementation of conventions and offers direction for the implementation of conventions. On the other hand, it is the implementation of conventions that helps to realize the aim of establishing the convention implementing mechanism.The Hague Convention on the protection of Children is honored by three systems, judicial and administrative co-operation, review and guide to good practice mechanism. Judicial and administrative co-operation is a new and effective pattern that finds increasingly wide application, including central authories cooperation, competent authorities cooperation and so on.Central authories cooperation, which is interactive and multi-functional, is the most important method in judicial and administrative co-operation. Contracting states choose corresponding central authority according to actual situations for international collaboration. Review mechanism means that the Hague Conference on Private International Law hold routine conferences to assess how the Convention on the protection of Children is honored in contracting countries, locate problems and then seek efficient solutions. It has successfully applied to the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction, the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the 1996 on Jurisdiction, Applicable Law, Recognition, Enforcement and Co-operation in Respect of Parental Responsibility and Measures for the Protection of Children. Guide to good practice for convention is a summary based on actual circumstances of contracting states and leads to the extensive inforcement of the convention in the future. Guides to good practice under The 1980 Hague Child Abduction Convention and the 1993 Hague Convention on inter-country adoption have proved to play a significant role honoring the conventions.Currently the 1980 Hague Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction only applies to Hong Kong and Macao. In November 2000, China signed the 1993 Hague Convention on Protection of Children and Co-operation in Respect of Intercountry Adoption and the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress ratified it in April 2005. It entered into force in January 2006 in Mainland, Hong Kong and Macao. China now still has many problems in honoring the conventions, such as an incomplete inter-country adoption law system, failure in implementation to the best interests of the child principle, lack of good supporting systems. Therefore, China has much to do to perfect the honoring systems of The Hague Convention on the protection of Children.
【关键词】履约机制 司法与行政合作机制 审议机制 实践报告机制
【英文关键词】implementing mechanism judicial and administrative co-operation review mechanism guide to good practice
【目录】海牙国际私法会议保护儿童权利公约履约机制研究 摘要 4-6 Abstract 6-7 引言 8-11 一、海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的建立 11-15 (一) 国际公约履约机制的含义 11 (二) 建立海牙儿童权利保护公约履约机制的必要性 11-15 二、海牙儿童权利保护公约所确立的主要履约机制 15-39 (一) 司法与行政合作机制 15-20 (二) 审议机制 20-26 (三) 实践报告机制 26-39 三、中国与海牙儿童权利保护公约的履约机制 39-45 (一) 中国在履约中存在的问题 39-41 (二) 解决对策 41-45 结论 45-46 参考文献 46-49 攻读硕士学位期间发表的学术论文目录 49