教师资格证英语简要语法.docx

1.通常现在时the simple present tense
In English grammar, the simple present tense is a form of the verb that refers to an action or event that is ongoing or that regularly takes place in present time. 
In English grammar, there are seven accepted functions of the usage of the simple present for of verbs: to express permanent states, general truths, habitual actions, live commentary, performative actions, past time or historic present, and future time.
1) Permanent state: Jupiter is a very massive planet.
2) General truth: The earth is round.
3) Habitual action: Her daughter works in Rome.
4) 'Live' commentary: In each case I add the two numbers: three plus three gives six . . ..
5) Performative: I pronounce you man and wife.
6) Past time (see historic present): He moves to the window alongside, and sees her inside the office moving away from the door. He shoots twice through the window and kills her.
7) Future time: My flight leaves at four thirty this afternoon."

2.通常过去时the simple past tense
In English grammar, the simple past is a verb tense (the second principal part of a verb) indicating action that occurred in the past and which does not extend into the present.
The simple past tense (also known as the past simple or preterite) of regular verbs is marked by the ending -d, -ed, or -t. Irregular verbs have a variety of endings. The simple past is not accompanied by helping verbs.

3.通常未来时the simple future tense
In English grammar, the future is a verb tense (or form--see the notes by Pinker and Rissanen below) indicating action that has not yet begun.
There is no separate inflection (or ending) for the future in English. The simple futureis usually expressed by placing the auxiliary will or shall in front of the base form of a verb ("I will leave tonight"). Other ways to express the future include (but are not limited to) the use of:
1. a present form of be plus going to: "We are going to leave."
2. the present progressive: "They are leaving tomorrow."
3. the simple present: "The children leave on Wednesday."

4.现在进行时

5.过去进行时

6未来进行时
The future continuous tense is used to express action at a particular moment in the future. However, the action will not have finished at the moment.

7.现在完成时present perfect tense
The present perfect tense (sometimes referred to as the present perfect simple tense) is formed by using the present tense of the auxiliary verb “have” (or “has,” if used with third-person singular pronouns) along with the past participle of the “main” verb. Despite its name, the present perfect is used to give general information about something that happened in the past (anytime “before now”), but which did not occur at a definitive point in time， and it influences now or continues in the present..
The exact time is not important. You CANNOT use the Present Perfect with specific time expressions such as: yesterday, one year ago, last week, when I was a child, when I lived in Japan, at that moment, that day, one day, etc. We CAN use the Present Perfect with unspecific expressions such as: ever, never, once, many times, several times, before, so far, already, yet, etc.

Examples:

I have seen that movie twenty times.
I think I have met him once before.
There have been many earthquakes in California.

8.过去完成时
The Past Perfect expresses the idea that something occurred before another action or a specific time in the past.
Examples:
· I had never seen such a beautiful beach before I went to Kauai.
· I did not have any money because I had lost my wallet.
· Tony knew Istanbul so well because he had visited the city several times.
9.未来完成时

10.现在完成进行时
Definition:
· A verb construction (made up of has been or have been plus the present participle) that emphasizes the ongoing nature of an action that began in the past and continues in the present. (The decision to use has been or have been is determined by agreementwith the subject.)

The present perfect progressive tense usually conveys the meaning of recently or lately. The action reported by the present perfect progressive may or may not have been completed.
· "Try to understand how hard he has been trying to make everything better for his family."
(Lorraine Hansberry, A Raisin in the Sun, 1959) 
· "l have been painting with a palette knife because I don't like to wash the brushes."
The Present Perfect and the Present Perfect Progressive
"The present perfect progressive and present perfect are sometimes essentially interchangeable. The main difference may be that the present perfect progressive, which includes the progressive aspect, confers a sense of ongoingness. 
现在完成时与现在完成进行时    相同点 
   1. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时都能够表示从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在动作.如: 
  I have worked in this school since .   I have been working here since . 
  2. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时都能够表示一段时间内进行动作.比如:    Mr. Smith has taught English for 20 years.   Mr. Smith has been teaching English for 20 years. 
  以上句子用现在完成时与现在完成进行时,含义上没有什么差异,两种时态能够相交换.但两种时态也存在意义和使用方法上差异.   不一样点 
   1. 现在完成时可表示已经完成动作或者状态，经常与already（已经）或ever（曾经）连用。如： 
  We have already learnt Module 3. 我们已经学习了第三模块. 
  She is the most beautiful girl I have ever seen.她是我见过最漂亮女孩. 
  而现在完成进行时则表示是从过去某一时刻开始一直延续到现在,有可能还要进行下去动作,通常不与already或ever等连用,如: 
  We have been learning Module 4. 我们一直在学习第四模块.(不一定学完)   注意下面这组句子含义上区分: 
  I have read the novel. 我看过那本书了. (已看完)   I have been reading the novel. (一直在看,不一定看完) 
  2. 相对于现在完成时表示一次性,现在完成进行时能够表示动作重复.如:   I have met him at the library. (我在图书馆见过他.) 
  I have been meeting him at the library. (我经常在图书馆看见他.) 
  3. 现在完成时和现在完成进行时都能够表示刚才结束动作,但在含义上有区分.现在完成时强调是动作结果,而现在完成进行时强调则是动作过程.如: 
  —You look so tired, what have you been doing 你看起来很累,做什么了 (强调动作)   —We are very tired. We've been cleaning the house. 我们很累,我们刚才在清扫房子.(强调该动作所造成) 
  —We've cleaned the house. You may come in now. 我们清扫过房子了,你能够进来了.(强调结果"房子洁净") 
4. 现在完成进行时态不能用来谈某个动作详细次数或几件事情.这时,我们要用现在完成时态.如:  
  I have been drinking five cups of coffee this afternoon.(×)    I have drunk five cups of coffee this afternoon.  
  5. 现在完成时强调"事实";而现在完成进行时则强调"动作",而且常含有喜悦,愤恨,不满,厌恶等感情色彩.如: 
  The lazy boy has lain in bed for a whole day. 这个懒孩子在床上躺了一天.(强调事实)   The lazy boy has been lying in bed for a whole day. 这个懒孩子在床上躺了一天了.(强调动作,含有对小男孩厌恶感情色彩) 
  6. 假如没有时间状语,现在完成进行时有延续性,现在完成时没有.如:   I've been cleaning the house but I still haven't finished.    I've cleaned the house, but I still haven't finished.(×)

11.过去完成进行时
A verb construction (made up of had been + a present participle) that points to an activity or situation that was ongoing in the past. Also known as past perfect continuous. "The past perfect progressive (had been + -ing) tells us about the length of the action and the specific point when it ended. It occurs frequently with sinceor for to specify the duration of the action."

I had been looking for it for days before I found it.

12.未来完成进行时
The FUTURE PERFECT PROGRESSIVE TENSE indicates a continuous action that will be completed at some point in the future. This tense is formed with the modal "WILL" plus the modal "HAVE" plus "BEEN" plus the present participle of the verb (with an -ing ending): "Next Thursday, I will have been working on this project for three years."
Generally, progressive forms occur only with what are called dynamic verbs and not with stative verbs.

二．动词语态
1.主动语态In traditional grammar, the term active voice refers to a type of sentence or clause in which the subject performs or causes the action expressed by the verb. Contrast with passive voice.
2.被动语态In traditional grammar, the term passive voice refers to a type of sentence or clause in which the subject receives the action of the verb. For example, "A good time was had by all." Contrast with active voice.

The most common form of the passive in English is the short passive or agentless passive: a construction in which the agent (that is, the performer of an action) is not identified. For example, "Mistakes were made."
Often the passive voice is formed by using the appropriate form of the verb to be (for example, is) and a past participle (for example, formed). However, passive constructions aren't always made up of be and a past participle. For example, see the discussion of the "get"-passive.
Though many style guides discourage use of the passive, the construction can be quite useful, especially when the performer of an action is unknown or unimportant. Passive constructions can also enhance cohesion.
三．非谓语动词
In English grammar, a nonfinite verb is a form of the verb that does not show a distinction in tense and normally cannot stand alone as the main verb in a sentence. Contrast with finite verb.

The main types of nonfinite verbs are infinitives (with or without to), -ing forms (also known as present participles and gerunds), and past participles (also called en-forms).

Except for modal auxiliaries, all verbs have nonfinite forms.
1. 动词不定式
In English grammar, an infinitive is a base form of a verb--often preceded by the particle to--that can function as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb (but not as a main verb). The infinitive is a type of verbal. Adjective: infinitival.

Infinitives beginning with the particle to (as in "She wants to dance") shouldn't be confused with prepositional phrases beginning with the preposition to (as in "She drove to Chicago"). An infinitive phrase is made up of an infinitive plus any accompanying objects, modifiers, or complements (as in "She plans to write a novel").

A negative infinitive phrase is commonly formed by placing the negative particle, not in front of to (as in "She told me not to drink the milk").
2. 动名词
A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. Adjective: gerundial or gerundival.

The term gerund is used in traditional grammar. Many contemporary linguists prefer instead to use the term -ing form.

A gerund accompanied by its objects, complements, and/or modifiers is called a gerund phrase or simply a noun phrase.

Like nouns, gerunds and gerund phrases can function as subjects, objects, and complements in a sentence. Unlike nouns, however, gerunds do not take inflections; in other words, they don't have distinct plural forms.

For a discussion of the differences between gerunds and present participles (both of which end in -ing), see Examples and Observations below.
3. 分词
participle
Participles are words formed from verbs that can function as adjectives or gerunds or can be used to form the continuous tenses and the perfect tenses of verbs. There are two participle forms: the present participle and the past participle.（功效53页）

四．句法
4.祈使句In English grammar, an imperative sentence is a type of sentence that gives advice or instructions or that expresses a request or command. (Compare with sentences that make a statement, ask a question, or express an exclamation.) Also known as a directive or jussive.

An imperative sentence typically begins with the base form of a verb, as in Go now! The implied subject you is said to be "understood" (or elliptical): (You) go now!

三．句子类型
1.简单句：主谓 主谓宾 主系表 主谓宾补 There be
2.并列句
3.复合句
（1）.定语从句
I .The definition of attributive clause
Generally speaking, attributive clause is a sentence that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun, called antecedents in attributive clause, and this noun or pronoun will take up a certain place in the attributive clause, such as a subject, an object, time of an adv, place of an adv or reason of an adv. How to choose between relative pronouns and relative advs is the key to solving the problems in the entrance examination. So, how many relative pronouns are there?and how many relative advs are there?In all,there are six relative pronouns,and three relative advs.
II①The usages of relative pronounns
As is mentioned above,there are mainly six relative pronouns,which are who,whom,which,that,
whose and as. When it refers to a person,
who or whom will be considered. Instead, when it refers to something, which and that will be used, they can be used as a subject, an object and so on. Besides, the two relative pronouns can be cancelled when they are used as an object.
②The usages of relative advs
There are three relative advs, which are why, when and where.
First, when the antecedent is about reason, and it acts as an adv in the attributive clause, we will use “why”. Second, when the antecedent is about time, and it plays the role of an adv,“when” will be used. Third, when the antecedent is about place, playing the role of an adv of place, we will consider adopting where.
补充 可不说（III.The differences usages between that and which
There are mainly five cases in which that can be used only.
First, when the antecedent is an indefinite pronoun, such as, all, everything, anything, nothing, something, little, much, only that can be used. For example,sentence one:Only a scientist could understand all that this pursuit meant. Sentence two: I am sure she has something that you can borrow. Sentence three: Everything that we saw was of great interest to us. Sentence four: There is little that I can use. Sentence five: I have read all the books that you gave me. Sentence six: All that glitters is not gold. Sentence seven: Is there anything that I can do for you?
Second, when the antecedent is modified by the only, the very, the just, that can be used only. For example, sentence one: That white flower is the only one that I really like. Sentence two: This is the very book that I want to find. Sentence three: The last place that we visited was the chemical workshop.
Third, 当先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时，只能用that. For example, sentence one: This is the first composition that he has written in English. Sentence two: The smallest living things that can be seen under a microscope are bacteria. Sentence three This is the best novel that I have ever read.
Fourth,当先行词现有些人，又有物时，只能用that.如，Sentence one: He talked about the teachers and schools that he had visited. Sentence two: They talked about persons and things that they remembered in the school.
Fifth,当主句是以who 或which开始特殊问句时，在定语从句中，只能用that.如，Sentence one: Who is the person that is standing at the gate? 站在门口人是谁？Sentence two: Which of us that knows something about physics does not know this?
There are mainly two cases where which is used. First,在非限制性定语从句当中，which既能指代前面名词或代词，也可指代整个句子，在从句中充当主语或宾语时，只能用which.如，Sentence one: He was late for school, which made the teacher very angry.他上学迟到这事让老师生气.Sentence two: The sun gives off light and heat, which makes it possible for plants to grow.
Second, in the attributive clause,介词后面只能用which.如，Sentence one: I never forget the day on which I joined the party. Sentence two: This is the factory in which my father used to work.）
补充 非限制性定语从句
NONRESTRICTIVE ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
An adjective clause set off from the main clause by commas is said to be nonrestrictive.
Here's an example:

Old Professor Legree, who dresses like a teenager, is going through his second childhood.
This who clause is nonrestrict