专题四--语法填空-(记叙文)(原卷版).docx

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有提示词
谓语动词
2

2
1
1
1
1
0
2
非谓语动词
2
2
4
3
0
2
2
2
名词
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
形容词
0
1
1
2
3
2
2
2
副词
1
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
数词
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
代词
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
无提示词
介词
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
冠词
1
1
0
1
1

1
1
连词
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
其他词
1（定语从句关系代词）
1（特殊疑问词）
0
1（定语从句关系代词）
1（主语从句关系代词）
1（定语从句关系代词）
0
0

【题型说明】
1、(1). 在一篇200词左右的短文中留出10空白；(2). 分为提示词型和无提示词型两种。
2、该题型强调在语篇环境中考查考生加工处理语言信息、分析句子结构、熟练运用语法知识和词汇知识的能力。
3.有提示词填空有6处或7处，考查侧重点排序如下：(1)、动词的时态和语态及非谓语词；(2)、词性转换,以动词或名词转换为形容词、形容词转换为副词为主。无提词填空有3处或4处，以考查介词、连词和词及从句引导词为主。
【命题分析】
近几年语法填空的难度不大所考查语法较为基础，未来高考的考点分布会更加均匀和细化。
语法填空分为有提示词填空题型和无提示词填空题型。有提示词填空题型要求考生用括号内所给词的适当形式填空，题中给出的王要是动词、形容词、副词和名词几大词类，考生需根据语境填出正确的词形。无提示词填空题型需要考生根据语境在设空处填入符合上下文逻辑、法、句法的词汇，主要查冠词、连词(并列句)、介词、情态动词、(定语从句、状语从句、名词性从句等的)引导词等，每空只填一词。考生可根据语境判断设空处所表示的含义，通过分析句子成分确定词性。
【应考思路】
思路1 根据语法知识和词汇知识填空
根据某些语法知识或词汇知识来解题。接非谓语动词作宾语时，下列各类动词必须牢记：只能接动名词作宾语的动词( enjoy, consider, suggest, admit, finish, keep, avoid, miss, risk, delay等）；能接动词不定式作宾语的动词(want, decide, manage, plan, refuse,offer等)。另外对句式搭配要求较为特别的词语(如表示“喜欢”、“恨”等情感倾向的动词后接it，然后构成固定结构)也要牢记。
思路2 根据逻辑关系或语篇标志词填空
语篇是指比单个句子长的语言单位(句群、段落、篇章等)。语篇间往往有表明内在联系的词，称为“语篇标志词”，如：表示结构层次的有 first, second, third, finally等；表示因果关系的词有thus, therefore, so等；表示转折关系或变换话题的词和词组有 however, but, by the way等。语篇标志词对迅速理清文章的脉络、弄清上下文的关系很有帮助。如果设空处没有给出提示词，考生就需要根据文章大意、上下文的逻辑关系及对一些长难句结构的分析和理解来确定设空处在句中的功能，界定词性，进而确定它的意义，最后确定它的形式。
思路3 根据固定短语或句型填空
熟练掌握一些常见的短语和搭配，如 as a matter of fact, have in doing sth., be proud of, by the way, congratulate...on..., devote... to... earn one's living, be likely to do sth., feel like doing, keep one'' word, make up one' s mind等及常用的句型，如so/such...that..., There is no doubt that.…, There is no sense in( doing)sth.等，对解题很有帮助。
思路4 根据句式分析填空
做语法填空题时，经常会碰到一些长难句，如复合句和并列句，而设空处也没有给出提示词。这时，考生需首先抓住句子的主干，然后再分析其他的部分，这样，解题过程便得到简化，从而容易确定设空处是需要填写并列连词还是从句的引导词等。
【解题步骤】
步骤1 通读全文,理解大意
快速浏览全文，尤其要认真阅读文章首句，把握文章大意和作者的写作意图，并确定主体时态。
步骤2 巧用已知，分析结构，确定词性
(1)、熟记词语的搭配，根据搭配，可以比较容易地在文章中找出隐藏的提示；
(2)、弄清句子的意义，了解句子之间的逻辑关系，以确定连词的使用；
(3)、遇到从句时首先要判断是什么从句，然后注意所填词在从句中充当什么成分；
(4)、遇到非谓语动词时要分析句子结构，按“确定成分、确定主被动关系、确定动作所发生的时间”这三步来解决；
(5)、遇到动词时态和语态问题时要看时间状语提示、上下句或前后文的时间暗示；
(6)、分析句子结构，运用各种技巧确定设空处所缺单词的词性，再根据语境确定其正确形式。
步骤3 重读全文，仔细核查，语法正确，语意贯通
做完题后，将全文仔细审读一遍，在确保文意通顺的前提下，检查所填词的拼写、大小写等是否正确。
【考法分析】
考法1 提示词是动词
当括号内提示词是动词时，应先判断设空处为谓语动词还是非谓语动词。
(1)、若句中缺少谓语，则主要考查动词的时态、语态、主谓一致等。其解题方法为：
①根据语境或句中的时间标志词确定时态；
②根据主语和谓语之间的主被动关系确定动词的语态(考生应注意被动语态的特殊用法，如主动形式表示被动含义)；
③注意主谓一致。
(2)、若句中已有谓语，且设空处不是作并列谓语，则考虑填非谓语动词。其解题方法为：
①根据非谓语动词在句中所作的句于成分、句式要求等，确定应用动名词、现在分词、过去分词还是不定式(作主语或宾语常用动名词或不定式，作目的状语要用不定式，而作时间、原因、伴随等状语常用现在分词或过去分词)。
②寻找逻辑主语，确定逻辑主语与所给动词之间的关系(如果它们之间是主动关系，则用现在分词形式；如果是被动关系，则用过去分词形式；但当含有被动意义时，如果非谓语动词表示的动作尚未发生，则用动词不定式的被动式；如果非谓语动词表示的动作正在进行，则用动词-ing形式的被动式);
③分析所给动词表示的动作与谓语动词表示的动作发生的先后顺序，确定是用一般式还是完成式。
[全国新高考1 2020·38] The80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example,_________(form)the core
collection of the British Museum which/that opened in 1759.
【解析】句意为：例如，汉斯·斯隆爵士收藏的8万件藏品是1759年开放的大英博物馆的核心藏品。分析句子成分可知，该空为主句的谓语；根据语境可知，此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情，应用一般过去时，故填 formed.。
考法2 提示词是形容词或副词
如果括号内提示词是形容词或副词,主要考查点有:
(1)、词性转换，如形容词和副词之间的转换、形容词或副词与名词、动词之间的转换。其解题方法为：首先应分析句子结构，确定要填的词在句中充当的成分，然后根据构词法将括号中的词转化为需要的词类。如修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子要用副词；修饰名词要用形容词。当词性不一定要变时，要注意与词根意义相反的派生词，如在所给提示词前加前缀un-, im-, in-, il-, dis- mis-等
(2)、考查形容词或副词的比较等级。考生可根据句中出现的标志词than或“the+比较级,he+比较级”及句中的隐含比较意义确定用比较级还是最高级。
[全国I 2020·62] Landing on the moon'' s far side is__________(extreme)challenging.
【解析】句意为:着陆在月球的背面是极具挑战性的。分析句子成分可知，此处用于修饰形容词 challenging,应用副词，故填 extremely。
考法3 提示词是名词
当提示词是名词时，一般考查其复数形式、名词所有格等，或转换成其他词类，如转换成形容词形式其解题方法为：
(1)、根据题干的语法结构，特别是空前的限定词判断词性，冠词、代词、数词、形容词等之后应用名词。
(2)、确定词性为名词后，再确定名词可数与不可数，用单数还是复数，用名词的所有格还是其他形式。如果名词可数,则需根据其前的限定词及谓语动词的形式确定名词单复数。
[全国II 2019·70] We are so proud of her. It's_________(wonder).
【解析】句意为:这太棒了。设空处前有系动词is，应用形容词作表语，表示主语的特征或状态,故填 wonderful。
考法4 提示词是代词
(1)、解答填写代词的题目时，应注意分析句子结构。若句中缺少主语，则填代词主格、指示代词、不定代词或it；若动词或介词后缺宾语，则要填代词宾格、指示代词、不定代词或it；若空后为名词，设空处可填形容词性物主代词或不定代词；若宾语与主语是同一人或物，则用反身代词。
(2)、根据句式结构，判断句子是否为it的特殊句式，即it作形式主语、形式宾语或用在强调句中。
[全国新高考I 2020·42] As well as looking at exhibits,visitors can play with computer simulations（模拟） and imagine_________(they)living at a different time in history or walking through a rainforest.
【解析】句意为：在看展时，参观者们还可以利用电脑模拟程序，想象他们生活在一个不同的历史期或穿行在热带雨林中。分析句子成分可知，此处为 imagine sb. doing sth.结构，设空处为动词 imagine的宾语，且与主语 visitors指的是同一对象，故填反身代词 themselves.
考法5 考查冠词
(1)、下列情况中，设空处很可能是考查不定冠词：
①_______+可数名词单数;
②_______+形容词+可数名词单数
(2)、下列情况中，设空处很可能是考查定冠词：
①__________(+定语)+名词+of等介词短语(表示特指)；
②__________(+定语)+名词+定语从句(表示特指)；
③__________(+定语)+名词+不定式短语或分词短语(表示特指)。
(3)、如果空后有序数词、最高级、表特定意义的比较级等，且无提示词，那么一般要填冠词。
[全国II 2020·70] The plum trees are__________first to flower even as the snow is melting(融化).
【解析】句意为：梅花树是第一批开花的树，甚至在冰雪正在融化的时候(就已经开花了)。根据设空处的序数词 first可知，没空处应用定冠词，表示“第一个”。故填the。
考法6 考查介词
空后如果是名词、代词、动名词或what从句，且它们不作主语或动词宾语时，可能会填介词；或空前是动词，空后为名词、动名词时，设空处可能会填介词构成动词短语。也可根据语境及介词与名词、动词、形容词等的搭配，如 devote..to..., aware of, on sale, charge for等判断是否应填介词。
[全国新高考I 2020·45] Museums must compete _______people's spare time and money with other amusements.
【解析】句意为：博物馆必须同其他的娱乐项目竞争，以获得人们的空闲时间与金钱。 compete for... with...为固定搭配，意为“为……与……竞争”，故填for。
考法7 考查并列连词或从句的引导词
从句的类型主要有：状语从句、名词性从句和定语从句。
(1)、并列句考查并列连词and, but, or, so等；
(2)、状语从句考查从属连词 because, as, since, though, although, if, unless, when, while, before, after等；
(3)、名词性从句考查引导词that, if/ whether, which, who, what, where, how等；
(4)、定语从句考查关系代词that, which, who, whom, whose及关系副词when, where等。
其解题方法为：
①连接两个功能对等的单词或短语时，应填并列连词and，or, but等。若两个句子(有两个主谓结构)之间没有句号或分号，也没有连词，则设空处应填连词，否则句子结构不完整。
②根据两句之间的意义和逻辑关系，或者根据句式结构，确定是并列句还是主从复合句。如果是主从复合句，则根据各类从句的特点，结合连接词的意义和用法，确定填具体的某个连接词。
定语从句：首先确定先行词，然后分析关系词在从句中充当什么成分，结合关系词的意义和用法，确定具体的关系词。
名词性从句：a分析从句在主句中所充当的成分，确定从句是主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句还是同位语从句; b分析从句结构确定从句引导词；若从句结构完整，用从属连词，如：陈述事实用that；表示“是否”用if或 whether；若从句缺少主语、宾语或表语，则考虑用连接代词；若从句缺少状语，则用连接副词。
状语从句：如果句中不缺少主语、宾语、表语，则应是缺少状语，然后根据设空处在从句中是作时间状语、地点状语、方式状语还是原因状语等，确定具体的连接词。
[全国Ⅲ 2020·65]________he asked the villagers on the banks of the river where he could find the legendary（传奇的）artist, they smiled and pointed down the river.
【解析】句意为：当他问江岸上的村民们他要到哪儿才能找到这位传奇的画家时，村民们笑了并指了指江水的下游。结合句意可知，此处引导时间状语从句，表示“当……时”，故应用When或As引导。
考法8 考查助动词或情态动词
分析句子结构，如果句子结构完整，空后的谓语动词是动词原形或 have done；或 be doing等，或上下文时态不一致时，可能需填情态动词；如果强调谓语动词则需要填助动词do, does, did等。
【例】I'm going to Europe on vacation together with John if I________make enough money.
【解析】句意为：如果我能够挣到足够的钱，就会和约翰一起去欧洲度假。由句意可知，此处表示能力，故填can，意为“能够”。
考法9 考查特殊句式
主要考查强调句型、祈使句、感叹句、 there be句型及部分倒装句中动词的时态。
【例】It was not until near the end of the letter________she mentioned her own plan.
【解析】句意为：直到信的结尾处她才提到了自己的计划。此句为含有 not until的强调句式，强调状语 not until near the end of the letter, 故答案为that。

Passage 1 （2022·全国新高考II卷真题）
Henry Tyler made the catch of the year on the weekend. When he saw a young child hanging from a sixth-floor apartment balcony (阳台), Henry ran one hundred metres, jumped over a 1.2-metre fence, and held out his arms to catch the ___1___ (fall) child.
Eric Brown, only three years old, knocked Henry down when he fell. The boy is in the hospital and doctors say he'll be OK.
___2___ Brown family live in an apartment building outside Toronto. On the day of the accident, Mrs. Brown was at work and Eric was at home with his father. They both fell ___3___ (sleep) while watching TV.
Eric woke up a little later when he heard children playing outside. He pushed a chair onto the balcony, and climbed up ___4___ (see) them. When he looked down, he ___5__ (accidental ) slipped and fell over the edge. He hung on for a few minutes ___6___ screamed for his father, but his father didn't hear him.
Henry ___7___ (fix) his car when he heard the screams. He looked up and saw Eric hanging from the balcony. He quickly ___8___ (throw) his tools aside, and started running, arms out.
He saved my ___9___ (son) life," said Mrs. Brown. "I don't know ___10___ to thank him.”
"I just didn't want the boy to be hurt," said Henry.
Passage 2 （2022·全国·高考甲卷真题）
A visually-challenged man from Beijing recently hiked (徒步) 40 days to Xi’an, as a first step ___11___ (journey) the Belt and Road route (路线) by foot.
On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang, ___12___ lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province. Inspired by the Belt and Road Forum for International Cooperation ___13___ (hold) in Beijing, Cao decided to cover the route by hiking as a tribute (致敬) to the ancient Silk Road. ___14___ friend of his, Wu Fan, volunteered to be his companion during the trip.
Cao and Wu also collected garbage along the road, in order to promote environmental ___15___ (protect). Cao believes this will make the hiking trip even more ___16___ (meaning). The two of them collected more than 1,000 plastic bottles along the 40-day journey.
In the last five years. Cao ___17___ (walk) through 34 countries in six continents, and in 2016, he reached the top of Kilimanjaro, Africa’s ___18___ (high) mountain.
Now, Cao has started the second part of his dream to walk along the Belt and Road route. He flew 4, 700 kilometers ___19___ Xi’an to Kashgar on Sept. 20, ____20____ (plan) to hike back to Xi’an in five months.
Passage 3 （2021·全国新高考II卷真题）
I've always loved the ocean. In the____21_ (seven) grade,I started volunteering at the Monterey Bay Aquarium in California. I was upset to learn that many sea animals eat plastic garbage, ____22____ (think)it is food.
I decided to do something ____23____ (educate) people about this problem. I held presentations at schools to teach kids about plastic waste. I wanted to reach businesses too. I decided that if I learned of a company____24____ used a lot of plastic, I'd send it an email urging it to cut back.
One day, I saw a commercial for a health-care company. People in the ad were using plastic straws （吸管）.   I found the contact information of the company____25____ emailed its president. I told him how ____26____ (harm) plastic could be to the environment and asked him to consider using more eco-friendly options. I was so____27____ (excite) when he wrote back to me.He said he would make sure that the company cut its use of plastic straws in half.
I kept going. Whenever I heard of businesses using plastic, I'd send an email. One of the biggest companies I wrote to ____28____ (be) Alaska Airlines Paris. A company ____29____ (represent) wrote back and told me the airline was switching over _____30_____ plastic to paper cups on all of its 1,200 daily flights.
Passage 4 （2021·全国·高考甲卷真题）
The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It ___31___ (build) originally to protect the city ___32___ the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复). It is possible   ___33___ (walk) or bike the entire 14 kilometers.
We accessed the wall through the South Gate. The wall is 12 meters high and from here you can see streams of people moving inside and outside the City Wall.
After ___34___ (spend) some time looking at all the defensive equipment at the wall, we decided it was time for some action and what ___35___ (good) than to ride on a piece of history!
We ___36___ (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky ___37___ did the job. It took us about 3 hours to go all ___38___ way around the Xi'an City Wall. Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and ___39___ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their ____40____ (day) routines.

Passage 1 （2022·安徽省芜湖市教育局模拟预测）
Six weeks before his 97th birthday, Giuseppe Paternò fulfilled the dream of a lifetime: He ____1____ (get) a university degree.
Mr. Paternò’s ____2____ (graduate) has inspired news reports around the world, partly because ____3____ his age. But he has also drawn attention because his life story speaks of commitment, a theme that has resonated (产生共鸣) as millions of schoolchildren in Italy and elsewhere face extraordinary uncertainty during the coronavirus pandemic.
Born in Palermo in 1923, the first of seven children in a “ very poor family ” , Mr. Paternò began working soon after ____4____ (finish) elementary school. It was only after he retired, in the mid-1980s, that he returned to his books.
“ His story proves that dreams can come true and that you can remain young — if not in age at least in spirit — if you develop interests. ” said Rosella Cancila, his essay adviser and ____5____ professor of history at the University of Palermo.
Italy’s university system is based on a three-year degree, ____6____ (follow) by a two-year master’s course. University officials are hoping that Mr. Paternò ____7____ (continue) his studies.
He isn’t so sure. “ I have to admit that in this moment, I don’t know ____8____ I would handle it with the same spirit. ” he said, noting that all the attention had been a bit tiring. Still, Mr. Paternò said, he would ____9____ (probable) register anyway. “ I want to keep my _____10_____ (choice) open. ”
Passage 2 （2022·江西·一模）
Before coming to China to teach, I wrongly assumed that there would be much ___11___ (difficult) for me since I couldn’t speak Chinese well. Nevertheless, while it presented some interesting challenges, I cannot stress enough how warm the majority of people I met ___12___ (be).
Making friends was my big concern ___13___ first but I soon settled in and became good friends with the fellow teachers. There weren’t many foreigners at the school in ___14___ I was teaching, but I had plenty of friendly neighbours ___15___ (keep) me company. They often had me round for dinner!
In China, teachers ___16___ (normal) get several weeks off for Chinese New Year, so I was fortunate enough to travel a bit. I loved walking along the Great Wall and visiting the Forbidden City.
When it comes to my favourite Chinese food, how can I possibly choose?! Every meal was a feast, especially with the low cost of living which meant eating out wasn’t just something ___17___ (luxury). While I loved the big crowded dinners with 20+ dishes on the table, I was ___18___ big fan of the homemade dumplings my friend made for me. I'd strongly consider going back just to taste them again!
Overall, it can't be ___19___ (good) if you can have the chance to teach in China for some time. I’d absolutely do it again if ____20____ (give) the chance.
Passage 3 （2022·四川·成都七中模拟预测）
Most of my friends have never been to China. I have been lucky enough to make at least thirteen trips there, some on business, others for ___21___(please). When in China, I had the opportunity to eat in a lot of different restaurants, ___22___