第12讲-阅读理解推理判断题(讲)(全国通用)(教案).docx

第12讲 阅读理解推理判断题 （讲）
【考纲考情】
推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。
题型和考查角度：
1.高频考点：隐含意义、写作意图、观点态度。
2.低频考点：文章出处、文章结构、目标读者。
【考点梳理】
推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。
【解题方法】
1.逻辑分析推断隐含意义
设题方式：
It can be inferred from the passage that ．
The author strongly suggests that ．
It can be concluded from the passage that ．
The writer indicates/implies/suggests that ．
解题指导：
(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。
【例】(2021·全国乙卷·B篇)Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone (using Caller ID would take the fun out of it).
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
27．What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A．It remains a family necessity.
B．It will fall out of use some day.
C．It may increase daily expenses.
D．It is as important as the gas light.
【答案】B　
【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段第二句“How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries？”可推知，本段使用类比的方式，用煤气路灯和晨间牛奶递送服务退出我们生活的例子，侧面说明了座机终有一天会被淘汰。故选B。
2.文体特点推断写作意图
设题方式：
What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?
The purpose of the text is to get more people to ．
The writer of the story wants to tell us that ．
The fact ... is mentioned by the author to show ．
The author writes the last paragraph in order to ．
解题指导：
(1)记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；
(2)应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；
(3)说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句；
(4)议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
【例】　(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷·C篇)In the mid­1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24­year­old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
...
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well­rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11．What is the purpose of this text?
A．To introduce a book.
B．To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C.To remember a writer.
D．To recommend a travel destination.
【答案】A　
【解析】推理判断题。文章第一段和第二段开头部分交代了Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia这本书的创作背景；第二段后半部分和第三段介绍了书的具体内容，包括主题、人物和事件等；最后一段描述了作者的创作手法、写作技巧以及对书的评价。综合全文来看，本文的中心是围绕着一本书展开的，目的就是为了介绍这本书。故选A。
3.忠于措辞推断观点态度
设题方式：
The attitude of the author towards something is ．
The writer of the passage seems to think that ．
What's the author's opinion on ...?
What do we know about ... in the passage?
What does the author think about ...？
解题指导：
(1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。
(2)牢记观点态度的常见词语：①支持肯定：positive(积极的)、supportive(支持的)、optimistic(乐观的)、humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant(愉快的)；②中立：neutral(中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；③否定反对：negative(否定的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)、critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。
【例】(2021·全国甲卷·D篇)In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
12．What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A．They're unfair. B．They're conservative.
C．They're objective. D．They're strict.
【答案】A　
【解析】推理判断题。根据本段中的“It's said that history is written by the victors ... they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.(据说历史是由胜利者书写的，胜利者制定了进入天才俱乐部的标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人做出了贡献，他们不被别人承认并遭到拒绝。)”可推知，作者认为胜利者制定的加入天才俱乐部的标准不公平。故选A。
4.语言特色推断文章出处和目标读者
设题方式:
This passage would be most likely to be found in ．
The passage is probably taken from ．
Where does this text probably come from?
Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?
The text is intended for ．
解题指导：
(1)广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；
(2)报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主；
(3)杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；
(4)产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；
(5)药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；
(6)网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up­load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志语。
【例】(2019·全国卷Ⅲ·D篇)Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0­25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here's how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment：In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice；if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
...
35．In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A．Entertainment. B．Health.
C．Education. D．Science.
【答案】D　
【解析】推理判断题。全文围绕科学实验展开——研究者训练猴子并对其进行测试后发现猴子能够进行简单的加法运算，但有时计算的结果不够精确。由此可推知，该文章可能出现在报纸的科学版上。故选D。
正确选项特点 ：
1.是“弦外之音”，是立足原文推断出来的内容，而不是直接叙述的具体信息
2.没有绝对概念的字眼，如only，never，all，absolutely等。因为是根据原文推断出来的内容，略有模糊成分，留有余地，常含有usually，may，some，might，can，possibly等词汇。
干扰项特点：
1.张冠李戴：使用原文出现的词汇或者句式，但非本题内容。
2.颠倒是非：选项内容涉及原文中提及的内容，但选项意思与之相反。
3.无中生有：符合常识但不符合原文内容。
4.扩缩范围：原文中可能出现了像almost，all，nearly，more than，normally, usually等词语对文章内容加以限制，干扰项改变了原文范围
5.曲解文意；根据文中某一句话或者利用里面的字词设计出选项，看似表达了文章的意思，实际上是借题发挥，曲解文章原意。
【题型剖析】
阅读理解
A
Famous American poet Robert Frost once said, “Poetry is what gets lost in translation.” Although it is not impossible to translate poetry, Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.   
His teacher Qian Zhongshu commented on his poetry translation, “You are dancing while chained by rhyme (押韵) and rhythm, but the dance shows amazing freedom and beauty, which is quite extraordinary.”
Xu has just turned 100 years old. On April 1, China Translation and Publishing House published a series of commemorative (纪念的) books about his life and career to pay tribute to this centenarian.
Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (选集) and plays in Chinese, English and French, reaching potentially millions of readers at home and abroad. Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. He is also the first Asian winner of the “Aurora Borealis Prize” for Outstanding Translation of Fiction Literature.
Xu is known to be very fastidious in his work. He has dedicated his life to“[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation.
Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.
For instance, when former US president Barack Obama tried to begin a controversial healthcare reform during his presidency, some senators (参议员) were opposed at first. But after reading the poem titled Fishing in Snow (《江雪》) translated by Xu, one senator was so impressed with the fisherman’s independent, non-conformist (不墨守成规的) thinking that he chose to part with the party line to support Obama, noted NewsChina.
Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent. He lives alone in an old house near Peking University. In his simple room, decorated with Chinese traditional furniture, he maintains a routine. Every day he translates roughly 1,000 words, working till 3 to 4 am, sleeping about 3 hours and getting up at 6 am to continue.
“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (闪现) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin,” Xu told NewsChina.
1．What does the article tell us about Xu Yuanchong?
A．He’s the first winner of The Aurora Borealis Prize.
B．He has translated about 100 Chinese literary works into English.
C．He is widely known for his translated rhymed verse.
D．He has mastered at least three foreign languages.
2．What does the underlined word “fastidious in paragraph 5 probably mean?
A．Particular. B．Satisfied. C．Inventive. D．Productive.
3．Why was Barack Obama mentioned in the article?
A．To show Xu’s popularity.
B．To illustrate Xu’s impact.
C．To introduce his reform.
D．To stress Xu’s wisdom.
4．Which of the following best describes Xu?
A．Modest and insightful.
B．Considerate and cautious.
C．Creative and open-minded.
D．Dedicated and passionate.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要向读者介绍了著名翻译家许渊冲先生在诗歌翻译方面的成就以及他的影响力。
1．C【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段的“Xu Yuanchong, a well-known Chinese translator, has striven to convey the beauty of ancient Chinese poetry throughout his life.(著名中文翻译家许渊冲一生都致力于传达中国古代诗歌的美)”第四段的“Since 1978, Xu has published more than 100 translated novels, anthologies (选集) and plays in Chinese(自1978年以来，许已经出版了100多部中文翻译小说、选集和戏剧)”以及“Most notably, he translated Chinese poems into rhymed verses in both English and French. (最值得注意的是，他把中文诗歌翻译成英语和法语的押韵诗歌)”可知，许渊冲以其翻译过的押韵诗而闻名。故选C项。
2．A【解析】词句猜测题。根据第五段的“He has dedicated his life to “[translating] beautifully”. For him, English is a “scientific” language that demands accuracy, while Chinese is an “artistic” language that includes a wider range of content. Following this principle, Xu not only keeps faithfulness in sense but beauty in sensibility in his translation. (他一生都致力于“优美的翻译”。对他来说，英语是一种要求准确的“科学”语言，而汉语是一种包含更广泛内容的“艺术”语言。按照这一原则，徐在翻译中不仅保持忠诚，而且保持感性的美)”可知， 他不仅仅致力于翻译要忠实原文的意义，还力求保持翻译出诗歌细腻的美。因此推断，许对于他的作品很讲究。故划线词与Particular意为“讲究的，挑剔的”意思相近。故选A项。
3．B【解析】推理判断题。根据第六段的“Through Xu’s translations, time-honored Chinese wisdom has made an impact on Western societies and the world at large.(通过许的翻译，历史悠久的中国智慧对西方社会和整个世界产生了影响)”以及接下来第七段的“For instance”可推断，举例子是为了阐明他的作品在西方社会和世界有很大的影响力。故选B项。
4．D【解析】推理判断题。根据倒数第二段的“Having made such great achievements, the 100-year-old remains diligent.(在取得了如此伟大的成就之后，这位100岁的老人仍然很勤奋)”以及倒数第一段的“Translation is a means of communicating with the writer’s soul. A sudden flicker (闪现) of [a] good word or [a] good line thrills every pore (毛孔) and every inch of my skin(翻译是一种与作者的灵魂交流的手段。一个好词或一句好台词的突然的闪现刺激我的每一个毛孔和每一寸皮肤)”可推断，许渊冲先生即使100岁高龄还每天要翻译作品，并且他认为翻译是与作者的灵魂交流的方式，突然的灵光闪现的感觉非常美妙，由此可见他对翻译事业的奉献和热爱。故选D。
B
In many cultures, it is considered unlucky to spill salt. Fortunately, many cultures also have a solution to the problem, which usually involves throwing a pinch of salt over your shoulder. It may seem confusing to modern humans, but knowing that salt was once incredibly valuable can change this perspective.
For thousands of years, salt was an extremely rare commodity. It was difficult to obtain so that the price was very high. Many trading routes were set up to carry salt, people were paid in salt, and salt was sometimes worth more than its weight in gold. Therefore, spilling salt was considered wasteful.
Because of its high value, salt was also associated with friendship and good fortune. Offerings of salt were included in many religious ceremonies, and people might bring salt to a new home for good luck. These associations would have suggested that it would be bad luck to spill salt, since it would seem to violate salt’s fortunate properties.
Salt is also an excellent preservative. It prevents food from going bad. As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.
The fear of spilling salt was also adopted into the Christian faith. It is said that Judas spilled salt at the Last Supper, and since he later turned out to be the betrayer of Christ, spilled salt is considered unlucky by many Christians.
Should you be unfortunate enough to spill salt, you might throw a pinch over your left shoulder to blind the Devil.
5．Spilling salt was probably thought to bring bad luck because ________.
A．it was a Christian faith B．salt was linked with misfortune
C．it would decrease one’s lifespan D．salt was always expensive than gold
6．What does the underlined word “preservative” probably mean in Paragraph 4?
A．Protector. B．Flavor. C．Medium. D．Solution.
7．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To introduce the history of salt. B．To show ways to avoid misfortune.
C．To explain the beliefs about spilling salt. D．To entertain readers with some anecdotes.
【语篇解读】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了世界上一些关于洒盐的观念以及应对方法。
5．C【解析】推理判断题。根据第四段中“As such, it came to be linked with health and longevity. In some cultures, spilling salt was thought to reduce one's well-being. In Britain, for example, each spilled grain was said to represent a tear, while in Germany spilled salt awakened the devil, bringing misfortune.(因此，它与健康和长寿联系在一起。在一些文化中，洒盐被认为会降低幸福感。例如，在英国，每一粒洒下的谷物据说代表一滴眼泪，而在德国，洒下的盐唤醒了魔鬼，带来了不幸)”可知，人们可能认为撒盐会带来厄运，是因为这会缩短人的寿命。故选C。
6．A【解析】词句猜测题。根