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Unit2-Exploring-English-第2课时-Using-language(学生版).docx

1、Unit 2 Exploring English 2.2 Using language 【学习目标】 1.掌握派生法、合成法、转化法,掌握高中词汇记忆法 2.侧重培养通过语境上下文的推理判断词性的能力 3.注重高中词汇积累 【基础知识】 正确运用构词法知识是学习词汇的重要途径,同时也是扩大词汇量的一个重要方法。英语构词法主要分为派生法、合成法、转化法等。牢固掌握并熟练运用构词法知识,不仅有助于提高考生辨识生词的能力,还能运用到高考完形填空、语法填空和短文改错三大题型与词性转换相关的考查当中。而且高考阅读理解中的猜测词义题有时也会考查并运用到此语法知识。 【考点剖析】 考点一

2、派生法 派生法就是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。词根是派生词的基础,而词缀起到决定派生词的词汇意义和语法属性的作用。 (一)形容词的后缀和前缀 1. 名词+-cial--形容词 benefit--beneficial 有益的 office--official 官方的 face--facial 面部的 race--racial 种族的 finance--financial 金融的 society--social 社会的 例1.【单句填空】 (全国卷乙卷) l provide ___________ (finance) aid and ot

3、her benefits for local peoples. 2.名词+-al(表示“有……属性或者与……有关”)--形容词 agriculture--agricultural 农业的 nature--national 国家的 education--educational教育的 3. 动词/名词+-able/-ible--形容词 accept--acceptable 可接受的 value--valuable love--lovable rely--reliable 4. 名词+-ful--形容词 care--careful 仔细的 beauty-

4、beautiful 漂亮的 use--useful有用的 (全国卷II) Branches of Plum Blossoms: The_________(beauty) long branches covered with pink-colored buds(蓓蕾) make fantastic decorations. 5. 名词+-y/-ly--形容词 wealth--wealthy 富裕的 friend--friendly 友好的 dead--deadly 致命的 rain--rainy多雨的 noise--noisy 吵闹的 luck--lu

5、cky幸运的 elder--elderly上年纪的 【2021全国甲卷】 Supposedly you can do it in two hours, but we stopped at the different gates and __________ (watchtower) to fake pictures or just to watch the local people going about their _________ (day) routines. 6. 动词+ive--形容词 act--active 积极的 create--creative有创造力

6、的 7. 名词+-ous--形容词 anxiety--anxious 焦急的 variety--various 各种各样的 glory--glorious光荣的 8.名词+en(表示材料或质地)--形容词 gold--golden 金色的 wood--wooden 木制的 9. 动词+ent--形容词 diffee--different 不同的 depend--dependent 依赖的 10.名词+less--形容词 home--homeless无家可归的 use--useless无用的 care--careless粗心的 11.以

7、some结尾的形容词 tiresome令人厌烦的 troublesome awesome 12.以a-开头的形容词 live--alive活着的 wake--awake醒着的 sleep--asleep睡着的 afraid害怕的 alone独自的 (二)动词的前缀和后缀 1前缀en-+形容词--动词 rich--enrich 使丰富 large--enlarge变大;扩大 2.前缀en-名词--动词 danger--endanger使危险 3.形容词/名词+后缀-en--动词 short--shorten缩短 sh

8、arp--sharpen使尖锐 deep--deepen加深 dark--darken变暗 strength--strengthen加强 4.形容词+-ify--动词 simple--simplify使简化 beauty--beautify使美化 clear-- clarify使净化 5.以-ize结尾的动词 real--realize意识到 memory--memorize记忆;识记 (三)名词的后缀 后缀 例词 ­-age (状态;集合) shortage缺少;marriage婚姻 ­-an/­ian (人,……家) America

9、n美国人; musician音乐家 ­-ence/­ency (构成抽象名词) dependence依靠;frequency频率 ­-ance (性质,状态) importance重要性 ­-ant/­ent (人) assistant助手;student学生 ­-cion/­sion/­tion/­ation (动作,状态) suspicion怀疑;tension紧张; repetition重复; expect--expectation 期望 ­-ee (动作承受者或受影响者) employee受雇者;refugee难民 ­-er/or (人或物) wri

10、ter作家;actor演员 ­-ess (女性) actress女演员;waitress女服 务员;hostess女主人 ­-ism (主义,……教) communism共产主义 ­-ist (……主义者,……家) communist共产主义者 ­-ment (行为;结果;状态;性质) argument争论;government政府; development发展 ­-ship (关系,身份) friendship友谊 ­-hood (身份;性质) childhood童年 ­-th (结果,过程) growth成长 ­-ty (状态;性质) anxiety焦虑

11、 ­-ure (结果;行为;状态;实物) pressure压力;picture图画; pleasure高兴 ­-al (动作过程;结果) arrival到达;approval同意 (全国卷II) Chinese New Year is a _______(celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.答案为celebration。 2.动词+-al--名词 arrive--arrival 到达 survive--survival 幸存 approve--app

12、roval 同意 (全国乙卷) It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the travelerto become ____61____ (educate) about the areas - both in terms ofgeographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the ____62____ (develop) of the local

13、areas. (四)副词的后缀 1.形容词+-ly--副词(以某种方式) slow--slowly缓慢地 extreme--extremely极度地 complete--completely完全地 2.以辅音字母加y结尾的单词,改y为i,加-ly happy--happily高兴地 merry--merrily快乐地 3.去e加-ly true--truly真正地 4.以-le结尾的形容词去e加ly simple--simply简单地 gentle--gently温柔地 terrible--terribly糟糕地 possible--po

14、ssibly可能地 (五)表示否定或相反意义的意义 1.un-/dis-/in-/im-/ir-/il-/non-不,非 able--unable不能够 cover--uncover揭露polite--impolite不礼貌的 honest--dishonest不诚实的 patient--impatient不耐烦的 regular--irregular不规则的 legal--illegal非法的 2.mis-错误地 lead--mislead误导 take--mistake误会;误解 understand--misunderstand误解 3

15、less表示否定或相反意义的后缀 use-useless无用的 hope--hopeless毫无希望的 home--homeless无家可归的 总结: 常用前缀 1. 表否定 un-: unhappy, uncomfortable, unconscious, undoubtedly(毋庸置疑地), unlock(开··...·锁), undress(脱衣), unpack(打开行李),unsay(收回说过的话) in-: incorrect, informal, indifferent(漠不关心的), invaluable(极有价值的;极宝贵的) im-:

16、 impossible,impolite,imperfect,impatient,immoral(不道德的) il-: illegal(违法的),illogical(不合逻辑的) ir-: irregular(不规则的), irresistible(不可抗拒的),irrelevant(不相关的) dis-: discover, disagree, disappear, dislike, disbelief, dishonest, dishonorable(不体面的) mis-: misunderstand,misjudge, misread,mislead(误导), misfor

17、tune (不幸) non-: non-smoker, nonstop, nonsense(胡说), non-drinker不喝酒的人 2. 表重复 re-: retell, reconsider,rearrange,react(作出反应),renew(更新),reusable(可再用的),refresh(使恢复精力) 3. 表中间 mid-: midnight,midpoint(中点),midway(中途),mid-July(七月中旬) 4. 表超出 extra- : extraordinary,extracurricular(课外的),extra-official(非官方的)

18、 5. 表超级 super- : supermarket,superstar(超级明星),superpower(超级大国) 6. 表微小 micro-: microscope(显微镜),microcomputer(微机) 7. 表小的 mini- : miniskirt,minibus(小型巴士:面包车) 8. 表远 tele-: telescope,telephone,television,telephotograph(传真照片) 9. 表千 kilo- : kilometer(千米),kilogram(千克),kilowatt(千瓦) 10. 表变化 trans- : t

19、ranslate,transform,transport,transformer(变压器) 11. 表后于 post-: postpone(延迟),postgraduate(研究生),postwar(战后的) 12. 先于 pre-: pre-school(学龄前的),pre-war(战前的),prehistoric(史前的) 13. 相互 inter- : international,interview,interchange(互换) 14. 前部; 预先 fore-: forehead,foreword(序言),foreman(领班),forearm(前臂),foresee,

20、forecast,foretell(预言;预料) 15. 自动 auto- : automatic,automobile(汽车),autopilot(自动驾驶仪) 16. 半 semi-: semicircle,semisolid(半固体的),semiconductor(半导体) 17. 副 vice-: vice-chairman,vice-manager,vice-president(副总统) 18. 过多 over- :overeat(吃得过多),overexcited,overpopulated(人口过多的) 19. 使成为; 把...放入: en- : encou

21、rage(鼓励),endanger(危及),enable(使能够),enrich(使富裕),empower(授权), encase(把······装入箱),encage(把······关在笼) 20. 构成形容词或副词 a-: asleep, alive, alike, awake, alone, apart, aloud, ahead 常用名词后缀 1. 表示行为者 -er: worker, teacher, painter,waiter, performer, winner, Londoner(伦敦人), northerner(北方人),container(容器),cooke

22、r(炊具),opener(开启的人或工具),heater(取热器),timer(计时员;计时器),cutter(切割者;切割工具) -or : visitor, actor, sailor, inventor, conductor, director, translator, operator,survivor(幸存者) -ar: liar(说谎者),beggar(乞丐),scholar(学者) -ist: scientist, physicist, artist, tourist, novelist,specialist,medalist(奖牌获得者) -ant/ent: as

23、sistant, accountant, president -(i)an: librarian(图书管理员), historian(史学家), politician(政治家), musician(音乐家),African,American -ee : employee(受雇者),trainee(受训者),interviewee(被面试者) 2. 表过程性质状态结果等抽象概念 -ation: information, invitation, education, explanation, motivation, hesitation(犹豫) -(t)ion: action, c

24、onstruction, direction, introduction, invention, collection, attraction, connection -sion : conclusion, division, discussion, expression, possession -ssion: permission, admission -ance : allowance, importance, appearance, assistance, performance, resistance -ence: existence, preference, refere

25、nce, difference, existence, absence, independence -ment: advertisement, agreement, amusement, argument, arrangement, development -ness: illness, sickness,happiness, kindness, sadness, goodness(善良;美德) -hood : childhood,neighbourhood(邻居关系),brotherhood(兄弟关系;手足之情) -th : truth,strength,depth,length,

26、growth,warmth,width(宽度) -ship: friendship, relationship, scholarship, membership, citizenship(国籍;公民的身份) -(a)bility : possibility,disability,responsibility,flexibility(灵活性;柔韧性) -y: difficulty, recovery -(i)ty : reality,nationality,safety,cruelty(残酷行为), certainty(确实的事情) -ery: bravery,bakery(面

27、包房),cookery(烹调法) -al : approval,arrival,survival,refusal(拒绝) -age: marriage, shortage(不足;短缺 ), storage(储存) -ing : feeling,hearing, building,meeting,opening,suffering,cooling(冷却) -ful :handful,spoonful,mouthful(一口),glassful(一杯的容量)plateful(满盘;一盘) -cy: fluency, accuracy(准确性) -dom: freedom; wi

28、sdom, kingdom(王国) 常用形容词后缀 -ful: successful, careful, hopeful, helpful, useful, harmful, beautiful, wonderful,colourful -y: guilty, stormy, healthy, wealthy, dirty, noisy, sleepy,foggy,muddy -less : breathless, tasteless, useless, hopeless, helpless, endless, stainless, meaningless -able: comfo

29、rtable, reasonable, suitable, admirable, knowledgeable, remarkable(不寻常的) -al: personal, national, traditional, natural, cultural, agricultural, fictional, additional, musical -ical: political,physical,practical,grammatical,historical(历史上的) -ly: friendly(友好的), monthly(每月的),daily(日常的), timely(及时

30、的) -en: golden,woollen,wooden,earthen(泥土做的) -ous : dangerous, anxious, famous, poisonous, religious, mountainous,nervous,ambitious -ive: active, expensive, attractive, subjective, representative, creative, impressive -ish : foolish, selfish, childish, British -some: troublesome,fearsome(可怕的),

31、burdensome(难于负担的) -ed: interested, ashamed, disappointed, furnished, talented, aged,strong-minded(意志坚强的) -ing :amazing, boring, interesting, surprising, disturbing, freezing(冰冷的), shocking 常用动词后缀 -en: deepen,sharpen,shorten,lessen(变少),worsen(使恶化),strengthen,weaken -ize: realize, apologize, r

32、ecognize, modernize, legalize, commercialize,popularize -(i)fy : satisfy,beautify,simplify,signify(表示;意味),terrify(使害怕) 常用副词后缀 -ly: quickly, simply, angrily, stupidly,hopefully,hopelessly,truly,smilingly,decidedly(坚決地;断然地),namely(即;就是), scientifically -ward(s): upward(s), downward(s), forward (s

33、), backward(s), Southward(s),inward(s)outward(s),homeward(s)(向家:在归途上) 考点二:合成法 合成法就是把两个或两个以上的独立的词结合在一起构成新词,这样的词一般称为合成词或复合词。 复合名词的主要构成方式 1.名词+名词 silkworm蚕 classroom教室 daybreak佛晓 flashlight手电筒 necklace项链 2.合成形容词 good-looking好看的 hard-working勤奋的 cold-blooded冷血的 newborn新生的

34、 bittersweet苦乐参半的 airsick晕飞机的 homesick想家的 easygoing随和的 3.合成动词 名词+动词 broadcast播送 babysit看孩子 副词+动词 overcome克服 undergo经历 downfall垮台; 例2.【猜一猜】 haircut理发 energy-saving节能的 breakthrough突破 outbreak爆发 总结: 合成名词:bookmark (书签);guidebook (指南手册);workshop

35、 (研讨会;车间);sunset (日落) 合成形容词 :lifelong (终身的;毕生的);heartbreaking (令人心碎的);absent-minded (心不在焉的) 合成动词:whitewash (用石灰水刷白);overcome (战胜);overthrow (推翻) 合成副词:anyway (无论如何);everywhere (到处);however (尽管如此);forever (永远) 合成介词:inside (在......里);outside (在......外);throughout (遍及);within (在......之内) 考点三

36、转化法 一个单词由一种词性转化为另一种或几种词性,称之为转化法。单词转化后的意义往往与转化前的意义有密切联系,但其拼写形式不变。 名词转化为动词 face脸—face面对 形容词转化为动词 dirty脏的—dirty弄脏 动词转化为名词 design设计—design图案 形容词转化为名词 daily每日的—daily日报 形容词转化为副词 deep深的—deep深深地 例3.【猜一猜】 hand clean stress value wide high

37、 deep gradate straight right empty down 总结: 1. 转化法 动词→名词:change 改变;找零 →变化 ;walk 步行→散步;stop 停止→车站 ;record 录音 →记录 名词→动词:place 地点 → 放置;taste 味道→ 尝起来;hand 手 → 传递;递交;seat 座位 → 使……坐下           形容词→动词:clean 干净→使干净,打扫;clear 清楚→清理;dirty 脏→弄脏;dry 干燥→烘干

38、晒干;empty 空的→倒空                2. 截短法缩略法 截短法:telephone→phone, aeroplane→plane, advertisement→ad. , laboratory→lab, influenza→flu ,smog (smoke + fog) 烟雾;brunch (breakfast +lunch) 早午餐;newscast (news + broadcast) 新闻广播;sci-fi (science + fiction) 科幻小说 缩略法:television→ TV (读字母音)电视;very important person→

39、 VIP (读字母音)要人;Testing of English as a Foreign Language→ TOEFL(作为一个单词读音)托福 构词法练习 分层提分 题组A 基础过关练 单句语法填空 1.My English improved a lot; more importantly, I gained much ________ (confident). 2.Smoking during pregnancy ________ (danger) your baby's life. 3.It was a ________ (fog) cold morni

40、ng when he set off for the remote village. 4.People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is ________ (use). 5.The ________ (protect) and improvement of the human environment is a major issue which affects all the people and e

41、conomic development throughout the world. 6.The meeting supposed to be ________ (success) turned out to be a failure in the end. 7.Customs officials ________ (cover) a plot to smuggle weapons into the country. 8.Ann will be remembered for her ability and her ________ (warm). 9.The cooling wind

42、 swept through our bedroom windows, making air conditioning ________ (necessary). 10.It has a highly ________ (regular) shape, covered with bumps and indentations. 11.It is ________ (legal) to sell tobacco to someone under 16. 12.Extracurricular activities ________ (able) the students to know how

43、 to apply the knowledge learned in the textbooks. 13.You can rely on him because he is quite ________ (rely). 14.People on welfare are wrongly seen as lazy or ________ (honest). 15.You may find to your ________ (amaze) that there is more kindness in your community than you ever believe possible.

44、 16.I cannot control my body well. My legs become ________ (pain). 17.Late last year the Thompsons took part in a television documentary (纪录片) to prove that not all gifted children are the result of extremely ________ (ambition) parents. 18.Under her ________ (encourage), I would spend hours buryi

45、ng myself in novels, even if my friends just laughed at me. 19.The ________ (grow) number of Chinese tourists traveling to Spain has in recent years offered opportunities for local companies. 20.China has once again showed its ability to change the world with its “new four great ________ (invent)

46、. 21.I ________ (firm) believed I could learn lots of words, phrases, translation skills, news stories and even amazing knowledge by reading it. 22.In most ________ (develop) countries, like America and the Great Britain, teaching is a profession. 23.________ (luck), native English speakers can

47、understand each other even if they don't speak the same kind of English. 24.Being ________ (happy) is like an infectious disease. It causes people to stay away from the sufferer. 25.She carried her left arm at an awkward angle, as if it were causing her ________ (comfort). 26.It was ________ (ext

48、reme) difficult to build such a wall in the ancient days without any modern machines. 27.Your ideas are very interesting, but we need ________ (practice) suggestions to get us out of trouble. 28.Try to understand what's actually happening instead of acting on the________ (assume) you've made. 29

49、.Alice, the sales manager of the company, is doing a course to ________ (sharp) her business skills. 30.A television series is fast gaining its word­of­mouth ________ (popular) among not only Chinese households but also some foreigners. 题组B 能力提升练 单句语法填空 1.(2020·安徽省黄山市屯溪第一中学高三月考)Those who at

50、e seven ounces or more of red or processed meat daily—or got the ________ (major) of their protein from meat—had a 23 percent higher risk of premature death, according to ScienceDaily. 2.(2020·安徽省六校教育研究会高三第一次素质测试)Check out course and program ________ (describe), reviews of professors, and sit in o

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