第11讲-定语从句(讲义)(原卷版).docx

►第11讲 定语从句
（讲义）

【复习目标】
掌握关系代词的用法
掌握关系副词的用法
掌握介词+关系代词的用法
掌握定语从句中的易错点
【考情分析】
定语从句是高考的重点+热点，定语从句的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空和阅读及写作中。考查热点：
1.关系代词 (that.which.who.whom.whose,as) 和关系副词 (where. when. why) 的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。
2.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别:
3.介词+关系代词的用法;
4.不定代词/数词+of which/whom 引导的非限制性定语从句:
由于2023年新高考I卷和II卷居然没有考查三大从句，预计2024年高考定语从句是必考考点，解题及翻译时应当注意与名词从句、状语从句、强调句、并列句、简单句的甄别。
近年高考真题定语从句考点细目表
年份

卷别
题号
关系词
2023
新高考II卷&II 卷
0
0
2022
新高考I卷
65
that
2021
新高考II卷
59
that/which

【网络构建】

知识点 一 定语从句基础知识

定语从句的概念：在复合句中，修饰限定某一名词(或代词)的句子，叫定语从句。定语从句在复合句中相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。
定语从句的位置：定语从句常置于被修饰词之后；as引导的非限制性定语从句可置于主句前、句中，也可置于主句之后。
定语从句的功能：相当于形容词，修饰名词或代词，在句中作定语。
定语从句的类别：定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句两类。
定语从句的结构
先行词
被定语从句修饰的词称为先行词。
关系词
连接先行词与从句的词叫关系词。
关系代词
who, whom, which, that, whose, as等。
关系副词
when, where, why等。

知识点 二 限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句

l No. 1 限制性定语从句
限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限定作用。引导限制性定语从句的关系代词作宾语是可以省略。
Paper cuts of animals have been found in tombs which date back to the time of the Northern and Southern Dynasty.
早在南北朝时期的墓中就已经发现了动物剪纸。
Those who are for the plan raise your hands, please.
请支持这个计划的人举手。
l No. 2 非限制性定语从句
非限制性定语从句对先行词起补充说明作用，先行词与定语从句往往由逗号隔开。如果省略不会影响主句的意思，主句也可以独立存在。
He was generous with his time, for which I was grateful.
他十分慷慨地给予我时间，为此我非常感激。
There are 30 students in this class, who are from the north of China.
这个班里有30名学生，他们来自中国北方。
知识点 三 关系代词的用法

使用关系代词时，应当注意两点：
1.先行词是“人”还是“物”；
2.关系代词在定语从句中充当主语或宾语，且在从句中作宾语时可以省略。(非限制性定语从句中的关系代词不可以省略。)

关系代词
先行词
在从句中的作用
who
人
主语、宾语
whom
人
宾语
which
物
主语、宾语
that
人或物
主语、宾语、表语、状语
whose
人或物
定语
as
人或物
主语、宾语、表语

No. 1 who, whom的用法
who, whom代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，who在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语等；whom在定语从句中作宾语，在现代英语中，可以用who代替；但是从句中的介词提前到关系代词前，whom直接在介词后作宾语时，不可用who代替。
I've made good friends with several of the students in my school who/whom I met in the English speech contest last year.
我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生结交为好朋友。
In our class there are 38 students, of whom half wear glasses.
我们班有38个学生，其中有一半戴眼镜。
No. 2 which的用法
which所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。作宾语，且不直接跟在介词后时可以省略which。
He was reading a book which was about war.
他正在读一本关于战争的书。
No. 3 that的用法
指物时，关系代词that和which一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that，而不用which。
(1)先行词是all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much等不定代词，或先行词被all, every, some, any, no, few, little等修饰时。
I have read all the books (that) you gave me.
你给我的所有书我都已经读过了。
易混点：
(1) 当something确指某物或某事时，用that或which都可以。
This is something that/which you might have forgotten.
这事你可能已经忘记了。
(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词(如：the first，the second, ...，the last等)修饰时。
This is the best film (that) I have ever seen.
这是我看过的最好的电影。
(3)先行词被the only, the very, the right等修饰时。
The only thing that matters is to find our way home.
唯一要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。
(4)先行词既有人又有物时。
They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.
他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。
易错点 1：
在以下情况中，只能用which，不能用that。
(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如果从句中缺少主语或宾语，并指物，只能用which。
Our football team won the final, which made us excited.
我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。
(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which。
The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.
过去我居住的房子已变成了一家鞋店。
易错点 2：
当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。
I don't like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.
我不喜欢他看我的方式。
No. 4 whose的用法
whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose＋名词”可用“the＋名词＋of which”或“of which＋the＋名词”来代替。
Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?
你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？
I'd like a room whose window looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, the window of which looks out over the sea.
→I'd like a room, of which the window looks out over the sea.
我想要一个窗户朝向大海的房间。
No. 5 as的用法
a：as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as。
They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.(as作主语)
他们只能读类似这样的一些用简易英语改写的故事。
These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.(as作宾语)
这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。
This is the same knife as I lost.(as作宾语)
这把小刀和我丢的那把很相似。
b：such ... as ... 与such ... that ... 的区别
such ... as ... 中的as引导的是定语从句，而such ... that ... 中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句中不作任何成分。
This is such a difficult problem as most of us can't work out.
这是一个我们大多数人都不能解决的难题。
(从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。)
She is such a kind girl that many students like her.
她是个善良的女孩所以很多学生喜欢她。
(状语从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。)
c：关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别
位置不同：as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
As is often the case, he is late again.
他又迟到了，这是常见的情况。
Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.
众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。
The air quality in the city, as is shown in the report, has improved in the past two months.
正如报告中所表明的，城市空气质量在过去的两个月里已经得到改善。
He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.
他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。
意义不同：as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：
as anybody can see “正如人人都能看到的那样”；
as is well known＝as is known to all “众所周知”；
as we had expected “正如我们所预料的那样”；
as often happens “正如经常发生的那样”；
as is often the case “正如经常发生的那样”；
as has been said before “如上所述”；
as is mentioned above “正如上面提到的”；
as I remember “正如我所记得的那样”。
which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。
He opposed the idea, as could be expected.
不出所料，他反对这个意见。
Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.
汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。
用法不同：
a．当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定意义时，只能用which。
He criticizes Mary in public, which she doesn’t like at all.
他公开批评Mary，对此她一点儿都不愿意。
b．当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态，如：be known, be said, be reported等。如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。
She has been absent again, as is expected.
她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。
知识点 四 关系副词的用法

当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。
关系副词
先行词
作用

when
时间名词
时间状语
表时间的介词(如：in, on, at, during等)＋which；
where
地点名词或抽象名词(situation，point，activity，case，stage等)
地点状语
表地点的介词(如：in, at, on, under等)＋which；

why
the reason
原因状语
表原因的介词(如：for)＋which。

We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.
Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday?

No. 1 when的用法
when修饰时间名词，在从句中作时间状语。其先行词通常为time, day, year, week等。
I'll never forget the day when my son was born.
我永远忘不了我儿子出生的那一天。
易错点：当表示时间的先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，关系词不用when而用that或which。
The season which/that they were talking about was autumn.
他们正在谈论的季节是秋天。
No. 2 where的用法
a. where用于修饰地点名词如place, park, factory, house等。在从句中作地点状语，相当于介词+which。
Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.
现在人们更加关心他们居住的环境。
b.当先行词为一些表示抽象地点的名词，如：point， situation， case， stage， family等时，如果引导词在从句中作状语，常用关系副词where引导定语从句；如果不作状语，则用关系代词that/which。
Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.
学生应该参与社区活动，在那里他们可以获得成长的经验。
Remember that there is still one point that/which we must make clear at the conference tomorrow.
记住在明天的会议上我们还有一点必须弄清楚。
She's in a hopeless situation，where we will keep a very close eye on her.
她处于无望的处境中，在这种情况下我们将密切注意她。
c.先行词occasion当“时刻”讲时，用关系副词when；当“场合”讲时，用关系副词where。
Please describe an occasion where you met real difficulties.
请描述你遇到真正困境的场景。
Occasions are rare when I have the time to spend a day with my kids.
我有时间和孩子们度过一天的时机很少。
No. 3 why的用法
why相当于for which, 在从句中作原因状语，但若关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，定语从句要用that或which引导。
Can you tell me the reason why(=for which) you are late again?
你能告诉我你再次迟到的原因吗？
The boss doesn’t want to hear any reason (that/which) you might give.
老板不想听你所提出的任何理由。
注意：time后接定语从句的情况。
先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略；若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during＋which”引导定语从句。
This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.
这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。
There was a time when I hated going to school.
曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。
知识点 五 介词+whom/which用法

No. 1 关系代词的确定
在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如果先行词是人，则引导词用whom
This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.
这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。
This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.
这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。
注意：介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。
My youngest brother，whom I have to look after，is demanding.
我得照看我最小的弟弟，他真是让人费神。
No. 2 关系代词前介词的确定
a. 依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。
The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.
我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)
The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.
西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州因此而闻名。(be famous for)
b. 根据先行词来确定。
I'll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.

我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)
Air, without which man can't live, is really important.
空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(without air)
No. 3 “名词/代词＋介词＋关系代词”结构
此类结构常见的有“some/many/most/all/none＋of＋which/whom”等。
Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.
问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。
He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.
他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。
No. 4 “复合介词短语＋关系代词which”
从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开，且从句部分常用倒装语序。
He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.
他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。
No. 5 “介词＋which/whom＋不定式”
The poor man has no house in which to live.
→The poor man has no house to live in.
→The poor man has no house in which he can live.
那个穷人没房子住。
注意：有时为表达清楚，也可以在关系副词where/when前加介词from/to等，平时也应掌握，但非高考重点。
China is the birthplace of kites，from where kite flying spreads to Japan，Thailand，India and so on.
中国是风筝的发源地，从这里，放风筝传到了日本、泰国、印度等国家。

考点一 关系代词
1. （江苏省决胜新高考2023年高三4月大联考试题）Hongcun village features its overall design ________ resembles the shape of an ox.
2.（重庆市第八中学校2023学年高三下学期4月试题）After spending five months wandering through the charming neighborhoods, I fell in love with the very atmosphere ________ came out from every open door, and with every spoken word.

考点二 关系副词
1. (广东省信宜市第二中学2023学年高三试题) And then I decided to live without it and just enjoy life. That’s the reason ________ I’m happy now.”
2.（河北省石家庄市二中2023年高三试题）However, after 2012 the number of mid-lake islands _________ the gulls made their nests kept decreasing, leading to the number of the baby gulls dropping to 2,000.

1. (2022年全国高考新高考I卷语法填空) The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species ________ live within the Giant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.
2. (2022年北京卷)That includes cups, bottles, and bags, most of ________ are only good for one use.
3.（2022年天津卷）Guide books are prepared to suit the convenience of the traveler, ________ routes round a city or a site are often suggested.
A. for which B. with which
C. for whom D. with whom