专题01-名词(初高考点差异及衔接)(原卷版).docx

名词（初高考点差异及衔接）

初中要求
主要集中在名词的可数和不可数，以及名词作定语时的情况，同时还学习了名词所有格的用法。
高中要求
高中阶段，在名词方面，还会加强对单复数、所有格的考查，所学内容更深；同时，更注重名词在语境中所表达的含义。题型多为单项填空和语法填空题，个别地区的短文改错题和完形填空题也会对名词进行考查。

【初中名词考点聚焦】
考点1　名词辨析
1.Be sure to read the 　　　 carefully first before you take the medicine. 
A.notice B.introductions C.instructions D.instruments
考点2　名词复数
1.Picture 1 is different from Picture 2. There are a few d　　　 between them. 
2.Chinese people have celebrated the Dragon Boat Festival for 　　　(世纪). 
考点3、名词所有格
1.In 1920, the 　　　　　　(world) first three-color traffic light was put to use.  
【高中名词考点聚焦】
考纲解读
名词除了考查其词义辨析外, 还常结合其他项目一起考查, 题型以语法填空、短文改错、完形填空等形式出现, 考查要点主要包括:
1. 考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。
2. 考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。
3. 考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象, 这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如: shelter n. 庇护, 避难所→vt. 保护, 躲避, 避难; shoulder n. 肩, 肩膀→肩负, 承担。
考点清单
考点1 名词单复数
1. 单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则。
(1)以-o结尾的名词变为复数时, 常在词尾加-s, 如pianos, radios, photos等。但中学英语中下列名词要加-es, 即Negroes, heroes, potatoes, tomatoes。
但下列以-o结尾的名词既可以加-es, 也可以加-s, 它们是: zeros (zeroes)零, mosquitos (mosquitoes)蚊子, volcanos (volcanoes)火山。
(2)以-f或-fe结尾的名词变为复数时, 一般直接加-s, 但下列以-f或-fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉, 加-ves, 即selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves, wolves, halves。
下列以-f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加-ves, 也可以直接加-s, 如handkerchiefs (handkerchieves) 手帕, scarfs (scarves) 围巾。
(3)合成名词变成复数时, 通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数, 如果没有主体名词, 则将最后一部分变为复数。例如: sons-in-law女婿; passers-by过路人; story-tellers讲故事的人; grown-ups成年人; breakfasts早餐; housewives家庭主妇。
2. 只有复数形式的可数名词。
一些食物名词或表示一些成双成对的物品名称的名词通常用复数形式, 如noodles, snacks, jeans, earphones, trousers, clothes, pants, glasses, shoes, sunglasses, scissors, compasses(圆规)等。这些名词可单独作主语, 此时谓语动词用复数形式; 也可用a pair of或pairs of修饰作主语, 此时谓语动词取决于pair的形式。
3. 有些名词在形式上虽是单数 但常表示复数含义, 如people, police, cattle, staff, “the+adj. ”(表示一类人)。
4. 对于集合名词, 当它表示一个整体时, 视作单数; 当它侧重各个成员时, 视作复数, 如family, class等。
5. 有些名词单复数同形, 如fish, deer, sheep, Chinese, Japanese, means, species, series等。
6. 有些词用复数形式表示祝愿、礼貌或客气等, 如congratulations祝贺, regards问候, respects敬意, thanks谢谢, wishes祝愿, manners礼貌等。
7. 表示一类事物总称的名词, 常作不可数名词看待而不能加“s”, 如furniture, equipment, luggage, baggage, homework, information, progress, weather, wealth等。
8. 有些抽象名词或物质名词可以转化为可数名词, 即抽象名词具体化。常见的有:
抽象名词
具体意义
surprise惊讶　
a surprise让人吃惊的人或事
success成功
a success成功的人或事
pleasure高兴
a pleasure令人高兴的事
pity同情
a pity令人遗憾的事
failure失败
a failure失败的人或事

First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your ______(strength), your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc.  
解题关键: 根据语境可知, 此处strength为可数名词, 应用名词的复数形式。
答案判定: strengths

1. After the “Beginning of Summer”, trees put out (leaf), crops grow fast, the heat of summer approaches and farmers are very busy.
单句改错
2. It is not easy for our parent to bring us up.
3. “Reciting poems not only enriches my knowledges, but also makes my job less boring, ” the delivery man said.
4. We shouldn’t leave the tap running for a long time while we brush our tooth.

考点2 名词的构词法
常见的名词后缀:
1. 具有某种职业或动作的人:
(1)-an/-ian, 表示“……地方的人, 精通……的人”。例如: American美国人, historian历史学家, politician政治家, 政客, Asian亚洲人, African非洲人, Italian意大利人, physician内科医生。
(2)-ant, 表示“……的人”。例如: servant佣人, applicant应征者, assistant助手。
(3)-ar, 表示“……者”。例如: scholar学者, liar说谎者。
(4)-ee, 表示“动作承受者”。例如: employee雇员, interviewee被面试者, trainee受训者。
(5)-eer, 表示“从事……的人”。例如: engineer工程师, volunteer志愿者。
(6)-er, 表示“从事某种职业的人, 某地区、地方的人”。例如: observer观察者, villager村民, banker银行家, Londoner伦敦人, worker工人, performer表演者, manager经理, teacher老师。
(7)-ese, 表示“……国人 ……地方的人”。例如: Chinese中国人, Japanese日本人, Cantonese广东人。
(8)-ess, 表示“女称名词”。例如: actress女演员, hostess女主人。
(9)-ist, 表示“从事……研究者, 信仰……主义者”。例如: pianist钢琴家, communist共产主义者, dentist牙医, artist艺术家。
(10)-or, 表示“……者”。例如: author作者, doctor医生, operator操作员, 电话接线员, director导演, survivor幸存者, instructor教练, 讲师。
2. 具有抽象含义的名词:
(1)-acy, 表示“性质, 状态”。例如: accuracy精确, privacy隐私, literacy读写能力, adequacy足够。
(2)-age, 表示“状态, 行为, 身份及其结果”。例如: shortage短缺, storage储存, marriage婚姻, courage勇气。
(3)-al, 表示“事物的动作, 过程”。例如: refusal拒绝, arrival到达, survival存活, approval批准, proposal提议。
(4)-ance/-ence, 表示“性质, 状况, 行为, 过程, 总量, 程度”。例如: importance重要, diligence勤奋, difference区别, convenience方便。
(5)-ancy/-ency, 表示“性质, 状态, 行为, 过程”。例如: frequency频率, urgency迫切, efficiency效率, tendency趋势。
(6)-bility, 表示“性质, 状态”。例如: ability能力, disability残疾, possibility可能性, probability可能性。
(7)-dom, 表示“等级, 领域, 状态”。例如: freedom自由, kingdom王国, wisdom智慧。
(8)-ion/-sion/-tion, 表示“行为的过程, 结果, 状况”。例如: action行动, solution解决方案, conclusion结论, destruction毁坏, expression表达, correction改正, impression印象。
(9)-ment, 表示“行为, 状态, 过程, 手段及其结果等”。例如: treatment对待, 治疗, movement运动, judgement判断。
(10)-ness, 表示“性质, 状态, 程度”。例如: goodness善良, kindness仁慈, tiredness乏味, friendliness友好。
(11)-ship, 表示“情况, 性质, 技巧, 技能及身份, 职业”。例如: hardship困苦, membership成员, friendship友谊, leadership领导。
(12)-th, 表示“动作, 性质, 过程, 状态”。例如: depth深度, wealth财富, truth真理, length长度, growth成长, strength力气, 长处。
(13)-ure, 表示“行为, 结果”。例如: exposure暴露, pressure压力, failure失败。

When they were free from work, they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting ______(compete)to watch, together with the story behind it.  
解题关键: 根据空格前的interesting可知此处填名词形式, 结合前面的an 可知应用名词的单数形式。
答案判定: competition。

1. TV is one of the greatest (invent)of the 20th century.
2. These results suggested that music (appreciate)may be something that is unique to humans, according to Wallace.

单句语法填空
1．The team who won the three world (championship) would always get this cup.
2．During the festival，which lasts three or four days，people are dressed in their best clothes and participate in a variety of rich and colourful (activity)．
3．The best solution might be to find the (weakness) in the idea and to try and strengthen them，rather than use them simply as an excuse for rejecting the whole idea.
4．Timmis and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on (passer-by)．
5．We usually expect Hollywood (hero) to show up on our screens and defeat the bad guys.
6．He goes to the (barber) to have his hair cut every month.
7．—Where did you two have your (stomach) examined?
—At the doctor’s.We were examined by two famous (German)．
8．Since most students are in need of a nap，proper arrangements should be made so that students can have a good rest after a whole (morning) hard work.
单句语法填空
1．Chinese New Year is a (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring
2．Historical (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.(2020·新高考全国Ⅰ)
3．Later，they learned to work with the (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas，making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉) their fields.
4．Other American studies showed no (connect) between uniforms and school performance.(2019·浙江)
5.语法填空
In China, the history of people planting and using bamboo can date back to as far as 7,000 years. As early as the Shang dynasty, bamboo was being used in ancient 　1　 (people)daily lives. 　2　 was used for food, clothing, housing, transportation, musical 　3　 (instrument)and even weapons. 
The 　4　 (apply) of bamboo in science and technology is thrilling. In 251 BC, Li Bing, in Sichuan, led the local people in building the Dujiang Weirs, the first irrigation network in the world, in which bamboo played 　5　 important role. The world’s oldest water pipe was also made of bamboo. During 　6　 Han dynasty, the people in Sichuan successfully sank a 100-metre-deep well with thick bamboo ropes. This technology did not spread to Europe until the 19th century, and it was by using the technology that the Americans drilled 　7　 first oil well in Pennsylvania in 1859. 
In Chinese culture, bamboo is well-known as one of the “four 　8　 (gentleman) in plants. To many distinguished 　9　 (man), bamboo is a symbol of goodness and honesty. It is always closely related to people of positive spirits. Bamboo culture contributes to encouraging people to hold on when facing tough 　10　 (situation). 
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 
6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.