定语从句的解析及练习(高考习题).doc

定语从句的解析及练习（高考习题）
定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词或句子即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
　　关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。
　　关系副词有：when, where, why等。
第一部分：关系词
I 关系代词引导的定语从句
　　关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、(宾语)、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
1）who, whom, that
　  这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中作主语和宾语。例如：
　  Is he the man who/that wants to see you?（who/that在从句中作主语）
　  He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.（whom/that在从句中作宾语）
2） whose 用来指人或物，（只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）。例如：
They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。Please pass me the book whose （of which） cover is green.= the cover of which is green.　
3）which, that所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。例如：
A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.
 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）
The package （which / that）you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿的包快散了。（which / that在句中作宾语）
 II. 关系副词引导的定语从句
　 关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
1）关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于"介词+ which"结构，因此常常和"介词+ which"结构交替使用。例如：
There are occasions when （on which） one must yield.　任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。
Beijing is the place where（in which） I was born.　北京是我的出生地。
Is this the reason why （for which） he refused our offer（结果）?
这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？
III.判断关系代词与关系副词
关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词（who, whom, that, which, whose）； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词 （ where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语）判断
改错：
　 （错） This is the mountain village where I visited last year.
　 （对） This is the mountain village （which） I visited last year.
（错） I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.
　 （对） I'll never forget the days （which） I spent in the countryside.
1. Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?
　    A. where　B. that　 C. on which　 D the one
2. Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.
　    A. where　B. that　 C. on which　　D. the one
第二部分：定语从句类型
I．限制性和非限制性定语从句
1） 定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the house which we bought last month. 这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）
The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）
2） 当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
　　　Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.
　　　My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.　
　　　This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.
3） 非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数,并且关系词不能省略。例如：
He seems not to have grasped what I meant,which greatly upsets me他似乎没抓住我的意思这使我心烦。
Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation. 液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。
说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句。
第三部分. 介词关系词
1介词后面的关系词不能省略，无论做从句中的任何成分。
2介词后不能用that。
3某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的"介词+关系词"结构可以同关系副词when ，where，why 互换。
This is the house in which I lived two years ago. ＝This is the house where I lived two years ago.
Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?
＝Do you remember the day when you joined our club?
第四部分：两大区别
I. as, which引导非限制定语从句时的区别
A. as的用法：①通常代指整个主句，②表示的意思是正如正象③其引导的定语从句即可以放在主句之前也可以放在主句之后。
1.The Pacific is the largest ocean, as we all know.    正如我们所知到的，太平洋是最大的洋
（引导非限制性定语从句的as在从句中做know的宾语，其代指整个主句）。
2.As we expect, we won the game.             正如我们预料的一样，我们赢了
（引导非限制性定语从句的as在从句中做主语，其代指整个主句。从句在主句的前面
B. which的用法：①可代指单个人或物。②当代指整个主句时表示的意思是主句和从句之间是因果关系即因为所以。③其引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句之后。
1. The house, which we boughtlast month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。
Which引导的非限制性定语从句在从句中做宾语，其代指主句的主语the house
2.The road was too slippery, which caused lots of accidents. 路太滑了，以至于引起了很多事故。
Which引导的非限制性定语从句在从句中做主语，其代指整个主句，主从句的关系是因果关系，因为路滑，所以出事。
C. 句型 as通常和such\ the same连用，代指物在从句中做主语或宾语
区别：
This is the same pen as I bought yesterday。
这种笔和我昨天买的笔一样（同样的但不是同一个）
This is the same pen that I used yesterday.
这就是昨天我使用的那一支钢笔（指的是同一个）。
典型例题：用which和as来完成下列习题　
1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.
2）I want to have such a dictionary_______ he has.
3)  The earth is round, ______ we all know.
 II． 关系代词that 与其它代词的区别
A 不用that的情况a） 引导非限定性定语从句时。 例如：（错）The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.
b） 介词后不能用。例如：
　　We depend on the land from which we get our food. 我们依赖土地获得食物。
　　We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.
B 只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a）不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，
b）先行词既有人，又有物时）　先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。　
c）先行词有序数词、形容词最高级修饰时，只用that。.
d )当先行词前面有who, which等疑问代词时。如：
Who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？
Which is the T-shirt that fits me most? 哪件T恤衫最合我的身？
All that is needed is a supply of oil. 所需的只是供油问题。
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police. 那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。
第五部分：特别提醒
I. 主语和谓语一致
关系代词在定语从句中主语，其谓语动词与先行词保持一致。例如：
1.The boy who is standing at the door is my son.
2.This is one of the best books that have ever been written on the subject.
3.This is the only one of the best books that has ever been written on the subject.
4、在one of the +
5. the way 做先行词时,定语从句可由that, in which 引导或不用引导词
The way in which/that/ (  ) you speak to your parents is not polite.
第六部分：练习
 改错
1. Can you think of anyone who’s house is on a pile of rocks?
2. The house stood at the place which the roads meet.
3. This was the plan to which he insisted.
4. The girl studies music plays the violin very well.
5. The book that I borrowed it from the library is well written.
6. This is the girl who practice playing the piano everyday.
7. The person whom you want to see comes.
8. The day which I was to start arrived at last
9. The watch which her mother gave it to her works very well.
10. This is the shop which keep open till eleven at night.
11. Is she the girl who her grandfather was a Red Army man?
12. I have known the reason which she is so worried.
13. The house in where we live is very large.
14 The street which lead us to the Beijing Station is wide and long.
15. Do you know the driver whom caused the traffic accident where a man was killed?
16. Has she returned you the novel that you lent it to her last Friday?
17. This is the one hundredth letter which she has received from that boy.
18. We shall visit the university where my father teaches there..