学生资料-词汇语法.doc

英语专业四级词汇、语法培训大纲
一、概说 （2’）
1. 测试要求:
(a) 掌握并能运用规定的一至四级语法内容.
(b) 掌握规定的基础阶段认知词汇(5500-6000),并且能正确 熟练地运用其中的 3000-4000个单词及其最基本的搭配
(c) 考试时间15分钟，30道题，15分
2.测试形式:
本部分采用多项选择题.共30道题,每题有四个选项.题目中约50%为词汇词组和短语用法题,其余为语法结构题.
3.测试目的:
测试学生掌握词汇短语及基本语法概念的熟练程度.

二、词汇考点（名词、动词、形容词、副词以及短语固定搭配）
1．  名词考点分析
1）  单纯词义辨析：如07年77题，分别考了audience(观众，听众), participant(参与者), spectator(看体育比赛的观众), observer(观察者)四词
Thousands of _______at the stadium came to their feet to pay tribute to an outstanding performance.
A.audience B. participants C.spectators D.observers
2）  形近义异：05年75题，考了extensive(广阔的), intensive(加强的，指短期内为达到某个目的高强度做某事，强调外部强加)与intense(强烈的，用来表达感情或感受的强烈，如intense love, hate, heat酷暑)三个形式相似意思迥异的词
The heat in summer is no less _________ here in this mountain region.
A. concentrated     B. extensive        C. intense         D. intensive
3）  义近用异：06年69题，考查了security(稳定，有保障), safety, secureness(少见，稳定的抽象意义)词义差别

The economic recession has meant that job__ is a rare thing.
A. security B. safety C. protection D. secureness
→ 学生在学习词汇中，要注意词的适用范围；积累具有相同词根的词，区别它们的意思差异；意思相近单词，注意其搭配

2．  动词考点分析
1）  单纯词义辨析
2）  形近义异：
3）  义近用异：
4）  动词词组：
5）  及物与不及物

3．  形容词考点分析
1）  单纯词义辨析
2）  形近义异：
3）  义近用异：

4．  副词考点分析
1）  形容词转换而来的副词使用
2）  程度频率副词
3）  连结性副词

5．  短语与固定搭配
1）  动词、名词、形容词和介词短语
如，on one’s account为了某人的缘故 ; on one’s behalf代表; for one’s part对某人来说; in one’s interest 为了某人的利益 （2000年79题）
2）  俚语、谚语以及习语

语法常考点
1. 难点及重点：虚拟语气(if only)，情态动词，非谓语，时态，比较级(not more…than…)，特殊功能词（much, more, such, anything, but, enough， not so much…as…，as…as….等）
2. 其他常考点：动词不定式，定语从句，从属分句，时态语态，让步状语从句，倒装，特殊疑问句，非真实条件句，主谓一致，间接引语，
3. 教学计划：语法详解及真题分析 ---- 以真题为例，找出考点 ---- 分析考点 --- 巩固练习
4. 学习指导： ---
1）分析常考点 --- 掌握语法规范，记住语法规范中的例外情况 --- 再做题巩固
2）做语法题时两大原则：语法规则+句子语境
3）复习语法规则时切忌死记硬背中文解释，要抓住该语法规则的关键点、考点、难点，并在例句和真题中去理解
4）善于归纳总结，将每一个语法考点的规则、考点用自己的语言和方法总结出来，做到了然于心。

语法详解及真题分析（1）

专题一：时态，语态

考点一：将来时
1. Come and see me whenever ______. (97)
A. you are convenient B. you will be convenient  
C. it is convenient to you D. it will be convenient to you
2. Turn on the radio or open a magazine and you ___ advertisements showing happy and balanced families.
A. are often seeing B. often see C. have often seen D. will often see
3. James has just arrived, but I didn’t know he _________ until yesterday. （2005）
A. will come        B. was coming       C. had been coming   D. came

表达将来时的形式：
(1)在时间、条件、让步从句中，一般现在时代替将来时，但要注意区别从句的类型，如：
I’ll tell him when you will ring again. 我告诉他你什么时候再来电话。(宾语从句)
比较：I’ll tell him when you ring again.你再打电话时我告诉他。(状语从句)
(2)在make sure, make certain, see (to it) 后的that从句中，谓语动词用一般现在时代替将来时，
See to it that you include in the paper whatever questions they didn’t know the answer to last time.
(include 不能用will include或其他形式)
（3）“祈使句+and”结构中 , and 引导的并列分句谓语动词用一般将来时。

考点二：完成时
完成时是时态测试的重点，注意与完成时连用的句型和时间状语：
4. The student said there were a few points in the essay he _______impossible to comprehend.
A.had found B. finds C.has found D.would find （2007）
5. The committee has anticipated the problems that ________in the road construction project.
A.arise B. will arise C.arose D.have arisen （2006）

(1)by/between/up to/till +过去时间、since、by the time/when +表示过去发生情况的从句，主句用过去完成时。如：
We had just had our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
Between 1897 and 1919 at least 29 motion pictures in which artificial beings were portrayed had been produced.
(表示1919年时已发生的情况)
(2)by +将来时间、by the time/ when +谓语动词是一般现在时的从句，主句用将来完成时。
By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed in Europe for two weeks.
I hope her health will have improved greatly by the time we come back next year.
(3)by now、since +过去时间、in/during/for/over/the past/last few(或具体数字)years/days/months，主句用现在完成时, 但在it is +具体时间since/before这一句型中，主句更多的时候不用完成时。如：
The changes that had taken place in air travel during the last sixty years would have seemed completely impossible to even the most brilliant scientists at the turn of the 19th century.
It is four years since John left school.

(4)在It is the +序数词/形容词最高级+that的定语从句中，谓语动词常用现在完成时。如：
       It isn’t the first time that I have found myself in an embarrassing situation.
(5)在no sooner…than…, hardly/scarcely…when…句型中，主句常用过去完成时。
e.g. No sooner had we left home than it began to rain.
离家还没多远，就开始下雨了。
(6) 完成进行时指动作在完成时的基础上还要继续下去。如：
   The company has been promising a rise in salary for ages, but nothing has happened.
6. For some time now, world leaders __ out the necessity for agreement on arms reduction. (02)
A. had been pointing B. have been pointing   C. were pointing D. pointed
7. Jack _____from home for two days now, and I am beginning to worry about his safety. (03)
A. has been missing B. has been missed   C. had been missing D. was missed

考点三：过去时，现在时和现在进行时
8.How can I ever concentrate if you _____ continually ____ me with silly questions? (97)
A. have … interrupted B. had … interrupted 
C. are … interrupting D. were … interrupting
C，现在进行时与always, continually, constantly连用表示某种带有感情色彩，经常发生的动作。本句暗含责备之义。
9._________ conscious of my moral obligations as a citizen. (05)
A. I was and always will be B. I have to be and always will be
C. I had been and always will be D. I have been and always will be
10. All the President’s Men ______one of the important books for historians who study the Watergate Scandal. （2007）
A.remain　B. remains C.remained D.is remaining
11. He would have finished his college education,but he _______to quit and find a job to support his family. （2007）
A.had had B. has C.had D.would have

时态、语态答题思路：
(1)先根据选项的区别点确定考题要点为时态，然后回到题句中寻找给出的或暗示的时间状语，缩小选择范围，进而选出正确答案；
(2)根据谓语动词与句子主语或非谓语动词与其逻辑主语的关系，确定句子是主动语态还是被动语态。
(3) 利用时间状语，特定结构和副词的位置。频率副词always, often, frequently, seldom, never, ever, usually , rarely, occasionally, no sooner, hardly, scarcely等以及just, shortly等其他副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或 be动词与实义动词之间。在省略结构中，这些副词必须放在助动词、情态动词或be 动词之前。
12. We ___ our breakfast when an old man came to the door.
A. just have had B. have just had
C. just had had D. had just had
13. San Francisco is usually cool in the summer, but Los Angeles ____.
A. is rarely B. rarely is
C. hardly is D. is scarcely

专题二： 虚拟语气

考点1：不同时态虚拟语气的谓语动词形式
1. _____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (2002)
A. Had it not been B. Hadn’t it been            C. Was it not            D. Were it not
2. If your car _____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. (98)
A. shall need         B. should need                C. would need            D. will need
3. ____ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? （2004）
A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprised
C. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised
4. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there___ q uite such a crowd of people there. （2000）
　A. weren't B. hasn't been C. hadn't been D. w ouldn't be 
5. Had Judy been more careful on the maths exam, she ____ much better results now. (2008)
　　 A. would be getting B. could have got
　　 C. must get D. would get

(1)掌握主从句谓语动词的规范搭配:
对不同时间的虚拟
从句谓语动词形式
主句谓语动词形式
与过去事实相反
had+过去分词
should/would/could/might+ have+过去分词
与现在事实相反
一般过去式（be用were）
should/would/could/might+动词原形
与将来事实相反
If+主语+ ① should+动词　② did
③were to do
　　(①通常与一个表示时间状语连用)其 中were to do可能性最小，
should/would/ could/might+动词原形

与现在事实相反：
e.g. If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码，我就会告诉你。（事实：不知道）
与过去事实相反：
eg. If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话，就不会犯这样的错误了。（事实：没有听我的话）
与将来事实相反
e.g. If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪，我们就不能去滑冰了。（事实：不知能否下雪）

(2)区分主从句表示的不同时间概念：（难点）
主从句谓语动词所指时间不同，这叫做错综时间条件句，动词形式应根据实际情况来调整。如：
Had it not been for the timely investment from the general public, our company would not be so thriving as it is.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)
Had Paul received six more votes in the last election, he would be our chairman now.
(主句与现在事实相反，从句与过去事实相反)

(3)识别事实和假设混合句：
Your math instructor would have been happy to give you a make-up examination had you gone and explained that your parents were ill at the time.      (句子前半部分为假设情况，而“父母病了”是事实)
I would have gone to visit him in the hospital had it been at all possible, but I was fully occupied the whole of last week.           (前半部分为假设，后半部分是事实)

考点2：名词性从句的虚拟形式

名词性从句是指宾语从句、主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。从句的谓语动词需用(should+)动词原形表示虚拟。考生应熟悉：
6. If you have really been studying English for so long, it’s about time you _____ able to write letters in English. (1999)
A. should be         B. were                C. must be            D. are
it’s about time that sb. did sth.
7. It is imperative that students _____ their term papers on time. (2004)
A. hand in             B. would hand in            C. have to hand in        D. handed in

主语从句
(1)下列动词做谓语时，that宾语从句中的动词用虚拟形式： desire, advise, recommend, command, direct, order, ask, demand, request, require, insist, maintain, move, propose, prefer, urge, vote。如：
In the past men generally preferred that their wives work in the home.
I move that he be discharged for his serious mistake.

(2)下列形容词和分词做表语或补语时，that主语从句中动词用虚拟形式： advisable, desirable, insistent, preferable, urgent, appropriate, compulsory, crucial, essential, imperative, important, necessary, obligatory, possible, probable, proper, vital advised, arranged, commanded, demanded, desired, ordered, proposed, recommended, requested, required, suggested。如：
The board deem it urgent that these files should be printed right away.
It is essential that all these figures be checked twice.

(3)下列名词接同位语从句或表语从句时，从句中动词用虚拟形式： insistence, preference, recommendation, suggestion, proposal, motion, desire, requirement, request, order, necessity, importance, regulation, rule, resolution, understanding。如：
John Wagner’s most enduring contribution to the study of Afro-American poetry is his insistence that it be analyzed in a religious, as well as worldly, frame of reference.
They keep telling us it is of utmost importance that our representative be sent to the conference on schedule.
解题方法：熟记以上需要在句子中需要用虚拟语气的词，归类掌握，如“建议”“要求”…

考点3.含蓄虚拟条件句的谓语动词形式

8. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! （2006）
A would B could C should D might
9.You ___ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business. （2000）
A. needn't have told B. needn't tell  C. mustn't have told D. mustn't tell

含蓄虚拟语气是指假设条件不通过if从句表达，而是暗含在其他结构中。考生应熟悉：
(1)连词but, but that, or, or else；副词otherwise, unfortunately等表示转折假设。如：
Victor obviously doesn’t know what’s happened; otherwise he wouldn’t have made such a stupid remark.
(2)介词短语暗含假设条件，常用的有：without, but for, under more favorable conditions等。如：
But for the English examination I would have gone to the concert last Sunday.
(3)intended/meant/hoped/wished/plann或was/were +不定式完成式或had intended/meant/planned/hoped/wished+不定式一般式暗示虚拟语气。
如：I intended to have called on you, but I was busy at that time.
(4)情态动词完成式暗示虚拟语气。如：I should have called to make an airline reservation, but I didn’t.

考点4.常用虚拟形式的句型
(1)从句中动词用过去式或过去完成式表示虚拟的句型：
would rather        would as soon        as though              suppose…
had rather             would sooner         as if               supposing…
If only…               It is (high) time that…(从句中动词只用过去式)
如：His wife would rather they didn’t talk about the matter any more.
I’d rather you went by train, because I can’t bear the idea of your being in an airplane in such bad weather.
If I were in a movie, then it would be about time that I buried my head in my hands for a cry.
My father always talks as though he were addressing a public meeting.
(2)If it were not for… (与现在事实相反)
If it had not been for… (与过去事实相反) 相当于but for。如：
If it had not been for his help (= but for his help), we would not have succeeded.
(3)If only…谓语动词视情况选用适当的形式。如：
If only the committee would approve the regulations and put them into effect as soon as possible.
(4)lest/for fear that/in case 从句谓语用(should+)动词原形。如：
The mad man was put in the soft-padded cell lest he injure himself.
(5)whether…or…有时谓语用be的原形，引导让步虚拟从句，这种用法经常采用倒装结构。如：
Church as we use the word refers to all religious institutions, be they Christian, Islamic, Buddhist, Jewish, and so on.
The business of each day, be it selling goods or shipping them, went quite smoothly.

真题分析
1. _____ for the fact that she broke her leg, she might have passed the exam. (2002)
A. Had it not been B. Hadn’t it been            C. Was it not            D. Were it not
2. If you have really been studying English for so long, it’s about time you _____ able to write letters in English. (1999)
A. should be         B. were                C. must be            D. are
3. _____, I’ll marry him all the same. (2004)
A. Was he rich or poor B. Whether rich or poor
C. were he rich or poor D. Be he rich or poor
4. If your car _____ any attention during the first 12 months, take it to an authorized dealer. (98)
A. shall need         B. should need                C. would need            D. will need
5. It is imperative that students _____ their term papers on time. (2004)
A. hand in             B. would hand in            C. have to hand in        D. handed in
6. If you explained the situation to your solicitor, he ________ able to advise you much better than I can. (2005)
A. would be B. will have been C. was D. were
7. It is absolutely essential that William________his study in spite of some learning difficulties.
A.will continue B. continued C.continue D.continues （2007）
8. If only I __play the guitar as well as you! （2006）
A would B could C should D might
9. It’s high time we __ cutting down the rainforests. （2006）
A stopped B had to stop C shall stop D stop
10. It is imperative that the government __ more investment into the shipbuilding industry.
A attracts B shall attract C attract D has to （2006）
11. ________ you _______ further problems with your printer, contact your dealer
for advice. （2005）
A. If, had               B. Have, had          C. Should, have        D. In case, had
12. ____ if I had arrived yesterday without letting you know beforehand? （2004）
A. Would you be surprised B. Were you surprised
C. Had you been surprised D. Would you have been surprised
13. You ___ Jim anything about it. It was none of his business. 2000）
A. needn't have told B. needn't tell  C. mustn't have told D. mustn't tell 本来不用做，但却做了。
14. All of us would have enjoyed the party much more if there___ q uite such a crowd of people there. （2000）
　A. weren't B. hasn't been C. hadn't been D. w ouldn't be 
15. Had