英语语法知识和常用短语.doc

When/while/as A.when，while，as引导时间状语从句的区别 when，while，as显然都可以引导时间状语从句，但用法区别非常大。
一、when可以和延续性动词连用，也可以和短暂性动词连用；而while和as只能和延续性动词连用。
① Why do you want a new job when youve got such a good one already？（get为短暂性动词）你已经找到如此好的工作，为何还想再找新的？
②Sorry，I was out when you called me．（call为短暂性动词）对不起，你打电话时我刚好外出了。
③Strike while the iron is hot．（is为延续性动词，表示一种持续的状态）趁热打铁。
④ The students took notes as they listened．（listen为延续性动词）学生们边听课边做笔记。
二、when从句的谓语动词可以在主句谓语动作之前、之后或同时发生；while和as从句的谓语动作必须是和主句谓语动作同时发生。
1．从句动作在主句动作前发生，只用 when。
①When he had finished his homework，he took a short rest．（finished先发生）当他完成作业后，他休息了一会儿。
②When I got to the airport，the guests had left．（got to后发生）当我赶到飞机场时，客人们已经离开了。
2．从句动作和主句动作同时发生，且从句动作为延续性动词时，when，while，as都可使用。
①When ／While ／As we were dancing，a stranger came in．（dance为延续性动词）当我们跳舞时，一位陌生人走了进来。
②When ／While ／As she was making a phonecall，I was writing a letter．（make为延续性动词当她在打电话时，我正在写信。
3．当主句、从句动作同时进行，从句动作的时间概念淡化，而主要表示主句动作发生的背景或条件时，只能用 as。这时，as常表示“随着……”；“一边……，一边……”之意。
① As the time went on，the weather got worse．（as表示“随着……”之意）
② The atmosphere gets thinner and thinner as the height increases．随着高度的增加，大气越来越稀薄。
③As years go by，China is getting stronger and richer．随着时间一年一年过去，中国变得越来越富强了。
④The little girls sang as they went．小姑娘们一边走，一边唱。
⑤The sad mother sat on the roadside，shouting as she was crying．
伤心的妈妈坐在路边，边哭边叫。
4．在将来时从句中，常用when，且从句须用一般时代替将来时。
①You shall borrow the book when I have finished reading it．在我读完这本书后，你可以借阅。 ②When the manager comes here for a visit next week，Ill talk with him about this．
下周，经理来这参观时，我会和他谈谈此事。
三、when用于表示“一……就……”的句型中（指过去的事情）。 sb．had hardly（＝scarcely） done sth．when．．．＝Hardly ／ Scarcely had sb．done sth．when．．．
①I had hardly ／scarcely closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．＝Hardly ／ Scarcely had I closed my eyes when someone knocked at the door．我刚一闭上眼，就有人在敲门了。
②I had hardly ／scarcely entered my room when the telephone rang．＝Hardly ／Scarcely had I entered my room when the telephone rang．我刚一走进房门，电话就响了
B. when和while 还可作并列连词。when表示“在那时”；while表示“而，却”，表对照关系。如： a. The children were running to move the bag of rice when they heard the sound of a motor bike. 孩子们正要跑过去搬开那袋米，这时他们听到了摩托车的声音。
b. He is strong while his brother is weak. 他长得很结实，而他弟弟却很瘦弱。

Affect/effect/influence affect effect influence作为动词, 都含“影响”的意思.affect 指“产生的影响之大足以引起反应”,着重“影响”的动作, 有时含有“对...产生不利影响”的意思, 如:This article will affect my thinking这篇文章将会影响我的思想。effect 指“实现”、“达成”,着重“造成”一种特殊的效果, 如: This book effected a change in my opinion.这本书使我的看法起了变化。influence 指“通过说服、举例等对行动、思想、性格等产生不易觉察到的,潜移默化的影响”, 如: Influenced by a high-school biology teacher, he took up the study of medicine.在一位中学生物教师的影响下, 他从事医学研究。

Allow/permit/let/promise/admit allow（v．） 意“允许”，指允许某人做某事、不反对某人做某事，给予某人权力或特权，常含有“听任、默认、不加阻止，不按常规行事”的意思。allow不如permit正式。如： The teacher allowed us to leave school early．老师允许我们早点离校。 Smoking is not allowed in the lecture hall．讲演厅不许吸烟。 If time allows，I will come over to have a chat with you．如果时间允许的话，我会过来和你聊聊。
注：（1）allow后的宾补要用带to的不定式，不用动名词。如可以说：I allowed him to do it．不可以说：I allowed him doing it．
（2）allow后无人称代词时，要用动名词，不用带to的不定式。可说：M y parents don't allow smoking．不可说：M y parents don't allow to smoke． permit（vt．） 意“允许、准许”，通常可与allow通用，含有积极的正面意义，多用于正式场合，指给予做某事的权利。如： The doctor does not permit me to stay up late．大夫不允许我熬夜太晚。 Smoking is not permitted（allowed）here．此地不准吸烟。 If weather permits，we'll go sightseeing．如果天气允许的话，我们会去游览。 He was permitted to talk to the prisoner．允许他和那个罪犯谈谈。
注：（1）allow可以和副词连用，permit则不能。如： Mary wouldn't allow me in．玛丽不愿意让我进去。
（2）在表示客气的请求时，主语是you应用permit，以表示下级对上级、幼辈对长辈、底层人对上层人尊敬的请求。若主语用I，则应用allow的被动形式。如： Will you permit me to use this knife？＝May I be allowed to use this knife，please？
let（vt．） 意“让，允许”，指允许某人做某事，比较口语化，其宾语后的不定式不带to，常可与allow换用，但祈使句中用let，不用allow，permit，被动语态中用allow，permit，很少用let。如： Let me try．让我试试看。 She lets her children play in the streets．她让她的孩子们在街上玩。 The students were allowed to miss the examination．允许学生们缺考。 promise作“答应、允诺”讲时，用于主语答应自己要做某件事。
注意与allow，permit含义上的区别。如： They promised me to help us in the work．他们答应（我）在工作中帮助我们。试比较： She promised me to go fishing．她答应我去钓鱼。（指she去钓鱼） She allowed me to go fishing．她允许我去钓鱼。（指I去钓鱼） Her father promised her to go to their English evening．她父亲答应她去参加他们的英语晚会。（to go的动作发生者是她父亲） Her father permitted her to go to their English evening．（句意与上句同，但to do的动作发生者是她） admit 意“认可”，指在外界压力下不得不承认错误或事实，因而常译作“承认”。如： I admitted this to be true．我认为这是真的。 They admitted me into their football team．他们吸收我加入他们的足球队。 The thief admitted having stolen the money．贼承认偷了那笔钱。

a great many /a great number of /a great many of a great many /a great number of可以通用 a great many 跟a great many of的区别 a great many后面直接加复数可数名词 a great many of 后面跟限定语再跟名词 例如: a great many students a great many of "my" classmates "a great number of和a great many of的区别" 跟"a great many 跟a great many of 的区别"接近就是说 a great number of后面直接加复数可数名词 a great many of 后面跟限定语再跟名词

agree with/agree to/agree on 1. agree with①表示同意某人或某人的意见、想法、分析、解释等 (即持同一观点)：I don’t agree with you. 我不同意你的意见。They agreed with this idea. 他们同意这个想法。I agree with what you say. 我同意你说的。②表示“ (食物、天气、工作等)对…适宜”：The weather does not agree with me. 这种天气对我不适宜。Hard work does not agree with him. 艰苦的工作对他不适宜。③表示“与…一致”：A verb must agree with its subject in person and number. 动词必须和它的主语在人称和数方面保持一致。What he does does not agree with what he says. 他言行不一致。2. agree to①主要用来表示一方提出一项建议、安排、计划等，另一方同意协作：We agreed to their arrangement. 我们同意了他们的安排。She agreed to marriage. 她同意结婚。有时 agree to 也可用来表示“答应”一件自己不愿做的事：I was forced to agree to it, but at heart I didn’t quite agree with it. 我被迫答应，但内心并不完全同意。②后接 suggestion, plan, proposal 等名词时，与 accept 同义：Do you think he will agree to (=accept) my suggestion? 你认为他会同意 (接受)我的建议吗?③其后既可接动词原形 (此时to是不定式符号)，也可接动名词 (一般有逻辑主语，此时 to是介词)：He agreed to go with us. 他同意同我们去。I never agreed to Mary marrying him. 我从来没同意玛丽嫁给他。3. agree on [upon]①主要指双方通过协商而取得一致意见或达成协议：We agreed on the price. 我们就价格达成了一致意见。Both sides agreed on these terms. 双方都同意这些条件。②后接动名词 (=agree to do sth)：He agreed on lending (=to lend) us some money. 他同意借给我们一些钱。Mary agreed oncoming [to come] on Monday. 玛丽同意星期一来。4. 两点用法说明：(1) 后接表示人的名词或代词时，一般只用 agree with。(2) agree 不能接不定式的复合结构，所以汉语的“同意某人做某事”，不能直译为 agree sb to do sth, 而应根据情况改用其它结构：他们同意我去。正：They agreed to let me go.正：They agreed to my going.误：They agreed me to go.

by far/ so far 两者都是副词而不是介词，后面是不能直接接名词的。所以不管是哪一个都不正确。 “直到这个春天”应翻译为until this spring。 by far（最，显然：到达极为明显的程度） She is by far the best executive in the company. 她目前是公司中最为优秀的决策人 so far 迄今为止： So far there's been no word from them. 至今没有他们的消息 到一有限的程度： You can go only so far on five dollars. 你顶多花五美元

eye a beam in sb.'s eye 某人本身的大缺点 a cast in one's eye 斜视 a cast in the eye 斜视 a single eye 目标专一 all my eye (and Betty Martin)(=all in my eye and Betty Martin) [俚]胡说八道, 鬼话, 瞎说 an eye for an eye (=eye for eye) 以眼还眼, 一报还一报 appear to one's eyes 出现在....面前 armed eye 借助望远镜, 显微镜等器具扩大视力的眼睛 bat an eye 眨一下眼睛 be all eyes 目不转睛[全神贯注]地看着, 非常留意 be in the public eyes 受到公共的注意 be unable to keep one's eyes off 目不转睛地看, 看入了迷; 羡慕地注视 be unable to take one's eyes off 目不转睛地看, 看入了迷; 羡慕地注视 before sb.'s eyes 当着某人的面, 公开地 under sb.'s eyes 当着某人的面, 公开地 believe one's (own) eyes [多用于否定句]相信自己的眼睛(看到的) Better to have one eye than be blind altogether. [谚]独眼总比全瞎好。 black eye 有黑眼珠的眼睛 被打得发青的眼睛 挫折, 惨败 [美俚]名誉扫地, 臭名昭著; 丑事 black sb.'s eye 把某人的眼眶打得发青 blear sb.'s eyes 欺骗某人, 蒙蔽某人 bright in the eye [口]微醉, 有醉意 by reason of the fair eyes of sb. 为了某人的缘故 by (the) eye (=by one's eye) 用眼睛(估计), 凭眼力 camera eye 象照像机似的眼睛; 过目不忘的人 cast an evil eye (on) 不怀好意的朝...看一眼, 用毒眼看 cast an eye on 瞟一眼, 粗略地看一下 cast an eye over 瞟一眼, 粗略地看一下 cast an eye at 瞟一眼, 粗略地看一下 cast sheep's eyes at sb. 含情脉脉地看某人, 向某人送秋波 make sheep's eyes at sb. 含情脉脉地看某人, 向某人送秋波 catch sb.'s eye 与某人目光相遇; 引起某人注意 catch the Speaker's eye 获准发言 catch President's eye 获准发言 clap eyes on [口]瞧见; 注视 lay eyes on [口]瞧见; 注视 set eyes on [口]瞧见; 注视 close one's eyes 睡眠 逝世, 长眠 close one's eyes to 闭眼不看; 假装看不见; 硬不承认 close turn a blind eye to 闭眼不看; 假装看不见; 硬不承认 shut one's eyes to 闭眼不看; 假装看不见; 硬不承认 shut turn a blind eye to 闭眼不看; 假装看不见; 硬不承认 cock one's eye at sb. 向某人使眼色, 递眼色 cry one's eyes 哭得特别伤心[死去活来] weep one's eyes 哭得特别伤心[死去活来] cry one's heart 哭得特别伤心[死去活来] weep one's heart 哭得特别伤心[死去活来] cry with one eye and laugh with the other 口是心非, 不诚恳 cut eyes [美俚](向某人)互相看一看随即将目光移开 cut one's eye [美俚]斜着眼看, 偷偷瞟一眼 cut an eye [美俚]斜着眼看, 偷偷瞟一眼 Damn your eyes! [谑]该死! 他妈的! 混账! do sb. in the eye [俚]欺骗某人, 叫某人上当 dry one's eyes 擦干眼泪; [喻]不再悲伤 dust the eyes of sb. 欺骗[蒙骗]某人 easy as my eye 易如反掌 easy on the eyes 悦目的, 好看的, 诱人的 fall under sb.'s eye 被某人看到[注意] feast one's eyes on 尽情欣赏, 以饱眼福 fix one's eyes on 盯着, 注视 fasten one's eyes on 盯着, 注视 rivet one's eyes on 盯着, 注视 flash one's eyes 向...瞟一眼 a glance 向...瞟一眼 a look 向...瞟一眼 for the fair eyes of sb. 为了某人的缘故 by reason of the fair eyes of sb. 为了某人的缘故 Four eyes see more than two. [谚]两个人总比一个人看得全面。 get a black eye 被人打青了眼眶 get one's eye in 长于用肉眼观测距离, 方向及速度眼光准确 have one's eye in 长于用肉眼观测距离, 方向及速度眼光准确 get one's well eye in 长于用肉眼观测距离, 方向及速度眼光准确 have one's well eye in 长于用肉眼观测距离, 方向及速度眼光准确 get the eye 引人注目, 被人冷冷瞪一眼, 遭白眼 give a black eye to 使丧失信誉; 使丢脸 give an eye to 顺便照看一下 have an eye to 顺便照看一下 give one's eyes for 为了...愿付出极大的代价 give one's eyes to 为了...愿付出极大的代价 give sb. a black eye (=black sb.'s eye) 把某人眼睛打青 give sb. the eye 向某人作媚眼 向某人使眼色 冷冷瞪某人一眼 goo-goo eyes [美俚]媚眼, 脉脉含情的目光 give the eye 注目; 给以白眼 have (all) one's eyes about one 眼睛非常尖; 特别警觉 have an eye 有...眼光; 善于识别; 能够欣赏 have a good eye 有...眼光; 善于识别; 能够欣赏 have an eye on 注视, 监视 看中 have one's eye on 注视, 监视看中 have an eye in one's head 有眼力, 有判断力 have an eye to 重视 很想得到 have an eye to the main ehance 谋私利 have eyes at the back of one's head 非常警觉 have eyes in the back of one's head 非常警觉 have eyes for (=have eyes only for) 一心想看, 对...感兴趣 想得到 have oneeye on 边作边注意 have one's eye on the ball [美]随时警惕 keep one's eye on the ball [美]随时警惕 have one's eye glued to 目不转睛地看, 盯着看 hit a bull's eye 命中靶心; 大获成功 make a bull's eye 命中靶心; 大获成功 score a bull's eye 命中靶心; 大获成功 if you had half an eye 如果你稍微注意 in eye 在望, 在视线之内 in a plg's eye [美俚]永不, 决不 in the plg's eye [美俚]永不, 决不 in one's mind's eye 在某人想象中 in the mind's eye 在某人想象中 in the eye of the wind eye (=in the wind's eye in the teeth of the wind) 【海】逆风, 顶着风 in the eye(s) of 在...心目中, 在...看来 in the eye(s) of the law 根据法律, 从法律上看 in the public eye 经常在公开场合露面, 出名的; 众所周知的 in the twinkling of an eye 一眨眼, 转眼间 keep a jealous eye on 担心地注视着 keep an eye on 照看, 留心瞧着, 注意 keep a close eye on 照看, 留心瞧着, 注意 keep an eye out for 当心, 警惕 keep one's eyes off 不去看; 不眼馋 keep one's eyes open 密切注视; 时刻警惕; 留心, 留意, 注视 keep one's eyes peeled 密切注视; 时刻警惕; 留心, 留意, 注视 keep one's eyes skinned 密切注视; 时刻警惕; 留心, 留意, 注视 keep both eyes open 密切注视; 时刻警惕; 留心, 留意, 注视 keep both eyes peeled 密切注视; 时刻警惕; 留心, 留意, 注视 keep both eyes skinned 密切注视; 时刻警惕; 留心, 留意, 注视 keep one's weather eye open (=keep a weather eye on) 密切注视, 时刻警惕 keep one's weather eye open (=keep a weather eye out for) 密切注视, 时刻警惕 have one's weather eye open (=keep a weather eye on) 密切注视, 时刻警惕 have one's weather eye open (=keep a weather eye out for) 密切注视, 时刻警惕 lay eyes on [口]看到, 瞧见 set eyes on [口]看到, 瞧见 lazy eyes 弱视 look sb. in the eye 正视, 正面瞧(某人) look sb. in the face 正视, 正面瞧(某人) look with another eye upon (=look upon with another eye) 对...抱有不同看法 make eyes at 眉目传情, 做媚眼, 挤眉弄眼 make sb. open his eyes 使某人目瞪口呆 measure sb. with one's eye 用眼睛上下打量某人 meet sb.'s eye 接触某人的目光, 回头看某人一眼 meet sb.'s eyes 接触某人的目光, 回头看某人一眼 meet the eye 呈现在眼前 显而易见 mind one's eye [口]谨慎, 小心 Mind your eye! [口]注意! 当心! more than meets the eye 事情并不象初看到的那样简单 My eye! (表示惊奇或不同意)[口]哎呀! 好家伙! 你瞧! not take one's eyes off 目不转睛地注视着 not tear one's eyes off 目不转睛地注视着 never take one's eyes off 目不转睛地注视着 never tear one's eyes off 目不转睛地注视着 not to bat an eye 未曾合眼不动声色 one in the eye 侮辱; 不幸 one's eyes are bigger than one's belly 眼馋肚饱,贪吃 the eyes are bigger than the belly 眼馋肚饱,贪吃 one's eyes draw straws 眼皮睁不开, 昏昏欲睡 one's eyes gather straws 眼皮睁不开, 昏昏欲睡 one's eyes pick straws 眼皮睁不开, 昏昏欲睡 one's eyes drop millstones (在巨大的哀伤前)不流泪 铁石心肠 one's eye flash fire 眼睛冒火, 怒目相视 open sb.'s eyes to sth. 启发某人认识某事, 使明白, 使注意 pass one's eye over 浏览, 过目 pass the eye over 浏览, 过目 run one's eye over 浏览 过目 run the eye over 浏览, 过目 pipe one's eye [口]哭, 流泪 play with one eye on the gallery 作迎合观众趣味的表演; 哗众取宠 Please one's eye and plague one's heart. [谚]只图眼前快活, 不顾事后烦恼。 pore one's eyes out 因读书过度而眼睛疲劳 private eye 私人侦探 put one's eyes together 入睡, 合眼 put sb.'s eye out 挖掉某人的一只眼睛 取代某人的受宠地位 score a bull's eye 命中靶心; 达到既定的目的 see eyeto eye (与某人)看法一致 see eyeto eye with sb. (与某人)看法一致 see out of the corner of one's eye 从眼角里看见 see with half an eye 一目了然,一看就知道 see with one's owneye 亲眼所见 set eyes on [口]看到,瞧见 set one's eyes at flow 痛哭流涕 set the eyes at flow 痛哭流涕 set one's eyes by [美俚]非常喜爱, 看重 set an eye by [美俚]非常喜爱, 看重 shut one's eyes to 熟视无睹 sleep with one eye open 不敢睡得太熟 spit in the eye of 蔑视 strain one's eyes 集中视力 因用眼过度而损伤视力 strike the eye 引人注目, 映入眼帘 strike one's eye 引人注目, 映入眼帘 take one's eyes off 把视线移开 throw eyes at 向...传情 throw the eye at 向...使眼色; 向某人送秋波 to the eye 乍看起来 turn a blind eye to 故意不看, 不计较 under sb's eyes 就在...面前; 毫无忌惮地... before sb's eyes 就在...面前; 毫无忌惮地... up to the eyes in work 忙得要命[债台高筑] up to one's eyes in work 忙得要命[债台高筑] up to the eyes in debt 忙得要命[债台高筑] up to one's eyes in debt 忙得要命[债台高筑] wet the other eye 再干一杯, 喝一杯又一杯 wipe sb.'s eye 射击猎物没有打中; (用手段)占某人的便宜使某人看到自己的愚蠢[狂妄] 把某人的眼打青 with all one's eyes 全神贯注地 with an eye to 心中有(某种打算), 为了(某种目的) with half an eye 一眼(就看出) with one's eyes open 注意地, 警惕地; 有意识地, 明知故犯地 with the naked eye 凭肉眼, 不戴眼镜, 不用望远镜 eye in the sky [美口]侦察卫星; 轨道运行的天文台 eye of day [诗]太阳 eye of heaven [诗]太阳 eye of night 星星 eye of heaven 星星 Eyes right! 向右[左, 前]看齐! Eyes left! 向右[左, 前]看齐! Eyes front! 向右[左, 前]看齐

sure/certain 1.两者都可用作表语，表示“一定”或“确信”，一般可互换。用法上注意以下几点：(1) 后接不定式时，表示说话人的看法，意为“一定会”、“肯定会”。如：He’s certain [sure] to win. 他一定会成功。He’s certain [sure] to come. 他肯定会来。(2) 后接“of＋名词(或动名词)”或后接 that /whether 从句等，表示句子主语的信念，意为“确信”、“自信”。如：He is certain [sure] of success. 他确信会成功。He is certain [sure] of winning. / He is sure [certain] that he will win. 他自信会赢。I’m not certain [sure] (whether) I’ll be able to come. 我不敢肯定是否能来。 2.只能用 certain 而不能用 sure 的情形：(1) 当句中用了形式主语或形式宾语 it 时：It’s certain that he’ll come tomorrow. 他明天肯定会来。I thought it certain that he would be late. 我肯定他会迟到。(2) 当表示“某一”、“某些”等时：A certain Mr Green wants to see you. 有个叫格林先生的人想见你。Certain plants are good to eat but others are not. 有些植物好吃, 而其它一些则不好吃。 3.在 Be sure (not) to do sth.(一定要或不要做某事) 结构中通常不用 certain (偶尔也用 certain，但学生不宜模仿)。如：Be sure not to forget it. 千万别忘记啦。(from )Be sure to turn off the light when you go to bed. 上床睡觉时一定要关灯。 4.用于 for certain /for sure, 意为“肯定地”、“确切地”等，两者可互换。如：I can’t say for certain [sure] when he will come. 我不敢肯定地说他什么时候来。No one knows for sure [certain] what happened to her. 没有人确切地知道她出了什么事。 5.用于 make certain / make sure，意为“弄清楚”、“弄得有把握”，两者可互换。如：They made certain [sure] (that) they weren’t late. 他们有把握不迟到。I think there’s a train at 10：40, but you’d better make certain [sure] (of it). 我想10：40是有趟火车，但你最好去核实一下.6. sure强调"主观上确信无疑的", 如:I'm sure you don't mean it. 我相信你是无意的。certain指"有充分根据或理由而相信的", 如:This letter made me certain of his innocence. 这封信使我相信他是无罪的。confident 强调"对某人[物]