语法专项复习(定语从句).doc

语法专项复习：定语从句
定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，有时也可以修饰部分或整个句子。被修饰的名词，词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。
　　关系代词：who, whom, that, which,whose, as。
　　关系副词：when, where, why。
　　关系代词和关系副词放在先行词和定语从句之间，起连接作用，同时又可做定语从句的一个成分。当关系代词做宾语时可以省略。
如：He is the boy who often goes to school late.
先行词 关系词 定语从句
　 定语从句分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
1、限制性定语从句：
从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。如：
I was the only person in our office who was invited.
(去掉定语从句，意思就不完整)
2、非限制性定语从句：
从句对先行词关系不密切，只是起补充、说明的作用，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。如：
Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.
(who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译)
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、who指人，在定语从句中作主语。如：
(1) The boys who are playing football are from Class One.
(2) Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.
2、whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语。如：
(1) Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus.
(2) Mr. Ling is just the boy (whom) I want to see.
注意：whom在口语和非正式语体中常用who代替，可省略。如：
The man who/whom you met just now is my friend.
3、which指物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语。如：
(1) Football is a game which is liked by most boys.
(2) This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.
4、that指人时，相当于who或whom；指物时，相当于which，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时可省略。如：
(1) The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million.
(2) Where is the man that/whom I saw this morning?
5、whose指人或指物，在定语从句中做定语，表示“所属”关系。如：
(1) He has a friend whose father is a teacher.
(2) The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.
注意：
【一】定语从句中用which而不用that引导的情况：
1、引导非限制性定语从句。如：
He had failed in the maths, which made his father very angry.
2、介词 + 关系代词。如：
This is the room in which my father lived last.
3、当先行词本身是that时。如：
That which you told him about is what we want to know.
4、如果主从复合句中有两个定语从句，且已经有一个用关系代词that引导，另一个定语从句用which引导。如：
He bought a book that could give him much knowledge and which could help him to kill the time.
【二】定语从句中用that而不用which引导的情况：
1、先行词是不定代词，如：anything, nothing, everything, all, much, few, any, little等时。如：
All that is needed is a supply of oil.
Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.　
2、先行词有the only, the very, the just修饰时。如：　
 He is the very man that helped the girl out of the water.
3、先行词为序数词和形容词最高级修饰时。如：
The first place that they visited in Gulin was Elephant Trunk Hill.
This is the best film that I want to buy.
4、先行词既有人，又有物时。如：
He talked about the teachers and schools that he visited.
5、当主句是以who 或which 开始的特殊疑问句时，用that 以避免重复。如：
Who is the person that is standing at the gate.
Which is the bike that you lost?
二、关系代词as引导的定语从句
关系代词既可以引导限制性定语从句，也可以引导非限制性定语从句，as在从句中做主语、宾语或表语。
1、as引导限制性定语从句，常用于下列句式：
1) such+名词+as… 像……一样的，像……之类
(2) the same+名词+as… 和……同样的
如：
(1) We have found such materials as are used in their factory.
(2) These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.
(3) He is not the same man as he was.
注意：区别下列句型：
(1) such…as… (定语从句)“像……那样”
such…that… (状语从句)“如此……以至于……”
如：This is such an easy question as I can answer. (定语从句)
This is such an easy question that I can answer it. (状语从句)
(2) the same…as… 表示相似的东西
the same…that… 表示同一人或物
如：This is the same knife as I lost.
This is the same knife that I lost.
2、as引导非限制性定语从句，常用于下列句式：
as you know, as we have seen, as is known to all, as anybody can see,
as was expected, as we can imagine, as has been pointed out等，as意为“正如……”。如：
As is known to all, Bell invented the telephone.
3、as和which引导非限制性定语从句的区别：
as引导非限制性定语从句，既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子；而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能置于主句之后。如：
As we have seen, oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth.
Oceans cover more than 70 percent of the earth, as we have seen.
The weather turned out to be very good, which was more than we could expect.
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when指时间，在定语从句中做时间状语。如：
(1) I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
(2) The time when we got together finally came.
2、where指地点，在定语从句中做地点状语。如：
(1) Shanghai is the city where I was born.
(2) The house where I lived ten years ago has been pulled down.
3、why指原因，在定语从句中做原因状语。如：
(1) Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
(2) I don’t know the reason why he looks unhappy today.
注意：
1、先行词是the way，在定语从句中做方式状语时，关系词有三种情况：
that, in which或省略。如：
What surprised me was not what he said but the way (that/in which) he said it.
2、引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。如：
October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.
3、当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。如：
The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
4、当先行词为case, point, position, situation等词且关系词在从句中做状语时，常用where引导定语从句。如：
They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.
四、定语从句中应注意的问题
1、定语从句中的谓语动词必须在人称上和数量上和先行词保持一致。如：
The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently.
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
注意以下结构：
He is one of the leaders who are in charge of the company.
He is the one of the leaders who is in charge of the company.
He is the only one of the leaders who is in charge of the company.
2、定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。如：
There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
Because of the financial crisis, days are gone when local 5-star hotels charged 6000 yuan for one night.
3、当先行词是表示时间的名词时，应注意引导词在定语从句中做的成分。如：
Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?
Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?
五、多角度考查定语从句
定语从句是高中英语学习的重要语法项目之一，也是历年高考的热点。改变句子的正常语序或和其他语法项目结合在一起就增加了难度，现对定语从句的一些常见难点归纳和总结如下：
（一）疑问句中考查定语从句
1. Is this the farm _____ you visited last week?
　A. where 　　B. the one 　　C. on which 　　D. /
2. Is this farm _____ you visited last week?
　A. which 　　B. where 　　C. the one 　　D. /
3. Was it in the shop _____ sold children’s clothing that you lost your wallet?
　A. / 　　B. where 　　C. that 　　D. when
【解析】正确答案：1.D 2.C 3.C 。命题人经常利用疑问句的特殊结构来干扰学生的正确选择。遇到这类定语从句时，最好的办法是先把疑问句还原成陈述句，然后判断谁是先行词，再看关系词在定语从句中所充当的成分，最后确定正确答案。
（二）倒装句中考查定语从句
4. We came to a place, _____stood a big tower.
　A. which 　　B. that 　　C. / 　　D. where
5. They finally came to a white house, _____sat a small boy.
　A. in front of which 　　B. which 　　C. where 　　D. in front of that
【解析】正确答案：4.D 5.A 。为了保持句子平衡，上面两个句子都用了倒装语序。倒装的使用使定语从句的结构变得较为特殊，因此对于使用倒装语序的定语从句，我们应先把倒装句还原成正常语序，这样句子结构就比较清晰了。
（三）考查介词提前的情况
6. They gave a medal to Tom, _____ achievements we were very proud.
　A. whose 　　B. of whose 　　C. of whom 　　D. who
7. They stayed with us three weeks, _____ time they drank all the wine I had.
　A. whose 　　B. which　　 C. during which 　　D. when
8. Lincoln, _____ life was once hard, were elected President of America.
　A. for whom 　　B. who　　 C. to whom 　　D. /
【解析】正确答案：6.B 7.C 8.A 。介词提前的情况有很多种，比较常见的有：介词＋which/ whom；介词＋whose＋名词；the＋名词＋介词＋which/ whom和介词＋which time等。先找到先行词，然后把介词结构还原是做题的关键。
（四）识别固定搭配中名词或代词后的定语从句
9. The second is connected with the use _____the body makes of food.
A. of which 　　B. where 　　C. to do 　　D. that
10. Why can’t you realize the part _____ they have played in our life?
　 A. which 　　B. on which 　　C. when 　　D. where
11. Thank you for the difficulty _____you have had painting the house.
　 A. when 　　B. / 　　C. why　　 D. where
【解析】正确答案：9.D 10.A 11.B 。一些词组和搭配被拆开后，句子的含义就变得难以理解。首先把拆开的词组复原是理解此类定语从句的关键。上述句子中包含有一下词组：make use of, play a part (in), have difficulty (in)doing something.
（五）添加插入语或状语
12. The scientist has made another discovery, _____ I believe is of great importance.
　　A. that 　　B. / 　　C. which 　　D. why
13. He believes in himself, _____, in my opinion, makes him what he is now.
　 A. who 　　B. whom 　　C. that 　　D. which
14. Is there anyone around the factory _____ knows how to operate the computer?
　　A. who 　　B. which　　 C. where 　　D. in which
【解析】正确答案：12.C 13.D 14.A 。这类句子主要利用插入语或状语的添加来增加试题的难度。常见的插入语有：I think (suppose, expect, believe, imagine), in my personal opinion, to tell you the truth等。做这类题目时，最佳的办法是删去插入语或状语，这样句子的主干部分就一目了然。

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