专题21-上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛(解析版)(上海专用).docx

►专题21 上海高考议论文阅读技巧点睛
_________________________________________________________________________________________
考点精 讲

【考情链接】
上海高考英语关于阅读理解要求考生读懂简易的英语文学作品、科普文章、公告、说明、广告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章并回答相关问题。文章题材广泛，体裁多样，包括记叙文、新闻报道、应用文、说明文、议论文等。以下梳理议论文体裁主要阅读技巧。

【要点梳理】
Ø [方法1]　把握文章的论点、论据和论证。
议论文一般有论点、论据和论证三个要素。论点是议论文的核心，是文章要表达的主要思想内容；论据是作者所引用的用来证明和支持论点的材料，这些材料可以是名人名言、事实例证、或是统计数据等，只要是对证明论点有利的材料都可作为论据使用；确定论点和论据材料后，作者还需要将这些论据合理地组织在一起，就是我们所说的论证。
【典例】（2023闵行区一模）
Building good transportation is a good idea. To have environmental value, new transportation has to sufficiently replace or eliminate driving to cut energy consumption overall. That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use. Traffic lanes should be eliminated or converted into bike or bus lanes. Ideally, these should be combined with higher fuel taxes, and parking fees. Needless to say, I have to struggle to make myself extensively understood. But they’re necessary, because you can’t make people drive less, in the long run, by taking steps that make driving more pleasant, economical, and productive.
……
One of the arguments that cities inevitably make in promoting transportation plans is that the new system, by relieving automobile congestion, will improve the lives of those who continue to drive. No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.
The author wrote this massage mainly to ______.
A. support the claim that efforts to reduce traffic actually increase traffic.
B. oppose the belief that improving mass transportation systems is good for the environment.
C. provide a balance between suburban expansion and traffic congestion.
D. indicate that making driving less agreeable is a way to reduce negative effects of traffic.
【答案】 D
【解析】
【导语】这是一篇议论文。作者提出了为缓解交通对环境造成的破坏，需要减少汽车使用，把汽车出行变得不方便。这一观点并不为大众所接受。他通过指出减少通勤时间的好处和现行的一些缓解措施的不足分析支持自己的观点。
【66题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段第三句“That means that a new traffic system has to be supported by reduction in car use.(这意味着新的交通系统必须通过减少汽车使用来支持)”和最后一句“No one ever promotes a transportation system by arguing that it would make travelling less convenient—even though, from an environmental perspective, inconvenient travel is a worthy goal.(从来没有人通过争论某个交通系统会使旅行变得不那么方便来推广这个交通系统，尽管从环境角度来看，不方便的旅行是一个值得追求的目标)”可知，在作者眼里，为了缓解环境压力，把开车出行变得不那么方便，不那么让人开心是一个好方法在，这也是他在本文中推崇的。故选D项。

Ø [方法2]　互推法
在议论之后，总会再列举一些具体的例子来支持观点或在一些例子之后，总要抒发一些议论。在理解议论时，可以借助文中所给的实例，从而在形象的例子中推理出抽象的议论；或从议论中推理理解具体例子的深刻含义，相互推断。
【典例】
It’s true that quite a few most respected scientific authorities have confirmed that the world is becoming hotter and hotter. There’s also strong evidence that humans are contributing to the warming. Countless recent reports have proved the same thing. For instance, a 2010 summary about the climate science by the Royal Society noted that: The global warming over the last half - century has been caused mainly by human activity.
……
Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. According to the scientific research, however, the warming observed by now matches the pattern of warming we would expect from a build - up of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere - not the warming we would expect from other possible causes.
Which of the following is not the cause of climate change?
A. volcanic eruption
B. floods arid droughts
C. changes in solar
D. cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun
【答案】 B
【导语】这是一篇议论文。这篇文章对人类是否造成了全球变暖这一理论进行了论述，表明全球变暖是否是人类的影响尚且不能定论。
【解析】细节题。由Of course, the earth’s climate has always been changing due to “natural” factors such as volcanic eruption or changes in solar, or cycles concerning the Earth’s going around the sun. 可知洪水和干旱造成气候变化的原因。

Ø [方法3]　深推法
推理的结论一定是原文有这层意思，但没有明确表达的。推理要根据文章的字面意思，通过语篇、段落和句子之间的逻辑关系，各个信息所暗示和隐含的意义，作者的隐含意等对文章进行推理判断。考生要由文字的表层信息挖掘出文章的深层含义，要能透过现象看本质。
【典例】
Some people prefer to do almost everything over the Internet.To them, dealing with an actual human is like an evolutionary step backward.It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.When you have dinner with friends, you will often notice someone paying more attention to his mobile phone.We have programmed ourselves to think that every new message brings life－changing news, so taking calls and checking our texts are more important than talking to the people we are with.What is worse, some people even tend to send anonymous(匿名的)rude messages by e­mail.
Some people are less willing to deal with humans because ________.
A．they are becoming less patient
B．they are growing too independent
C．they have to handle many important messages
D．they have to follow an evolutionary step backward
【答案】A
【解析】推理判断题。根据第二段第三句“It feels very slow because humans don't work at 4G speeds.”可知现在的人不愿意与他人交流，主要是因为嫌回应的速度不够快，也就是没有耐心。故A正确。

_____

真题操 练

2016年上海秋季高考英语真题
Enough “meaningless drivel”. That’s the message from a group of members of the UK government who have been examining how social media firms like LinkedIn gather and use social media data.
The House of Commons Science and Technology Committee’s report, released last week, has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts and calls for an international standard or kitemark (认证标记) to identify sites that have clear terms and conditions.
“The term and conditions statement that we all carelessly agree to is meaningless drivel to anyone,” says Andrew Miller, the chair of the committee. Instead, he says, firms should provide a plain-English version of their terms. The simplified version would be checked by a third party and awarded a kitemark if it is an accurate reflection of the original.
It is not yet clear who would administer the scheme, but the UK government is looking at introducing it on a voluntary basis. “we need to think through how we make that work in practice,” says Miller.
Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data. “We do know people worry a lot about the inappropriate use of their information.” But what would happen in practice is another matter, he says.
Other organisations such as banks ask customers to sign long contracts they may not read or understand, but Miller believes social media requires special attention because it is so new. “We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.
Shadbolt, who gave evidence to the committee, says the problem is that we don’t know how companies will use our data because their business models and uses of data are still evolving. Large collections of personal information have become valuable only recently, he says.
The shock and anger when a social media firm does something with data that people don’t expect, even if users have apparently permission, show that the current situation isn’t working. If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.
73. What does the phrase “ meaningless drivel” in paragraphs 1 and 3 refer to?
A. Legal contracts that social media firms make people sign up to.
B. Warnings from the UK government against unsafe websites.
C. Guidelines on how to use social media websites properly.
D. Insignificant data collected by social media firms.
74. It can be inferred from the passage that Nigel Shadbolt doubts whether _______.
A. social media firms would conduct a survey on the kitemark scheme
B. people would pay as much attention to a kitemark as they think
C. a kitemark scheme would be workable on a nationwide scale
D. the kitemark would help companies develop their business models
75. Andrew Miller thinks social media needs more attention than banks mainly because _______.
A. their users consist largely of kids under 20 years old
B. the language in their contracts is usually harder to understand
C. the information they collected could become more valuable in future
D. it remains unknown how users’ data will be taken advantage of
76. The writer advises users of social media to _______.
A. think carefully before posting anything onto such websites
B. read the terms and conditions even if there is a kitemark
C. take no further action if they can find a kitemark
D. avoid providing too much personal information
77. Which of the following is the best title of the passage?
A. Say no to social media?
B. New security rules in operation?
C. Accept without reading?
D. Administration matters!
【答案】73. A    74. B    75. D    76. B    77. C
【解析】本文是一篇议论文。主要讲述当我们在社交媒体上注册登记的时候，总会签署一些无意义的法律合同，文章就此现象展开了讨论，并列举了多人的不同观点。
73.A 词义猜测题。根据第一段第一句“...... has blamed firms for making people sign up to long incomprehensible legal contracts....”可知很多社交媒体公司和用户签订了没有意义的法律合同而这些合同是没有意义的废话，也起不到任何作用，很多用户根本没有仔细阅读合同的具体内容。故A正确。
74.B 推理判断题。根据第五段前二句“Would we pay any more attention to a kitemark? “I think if you went and did the survey, people would like to think they would,” says Nigel Shadbolt at the University of Southampton, UK, who studies open data.”可知Nigel Shadbolt认为如果我们去做相关调查，人们会认为他们会很注意这些认证标记的。故B项正确。
75.D 推理判断题。根据第六段最后一句“We still don’t know how significant the long-term impact is going to be of unwise things that kids put on social media that come back and bite them in 20 years’ time,” he says.可知我们现在还不知道所签署的这些长期的无意义的合同未来会给他们带来什么样的影响。也不知道未来人们会怎么利用这样的信息。故D项正确。
76.B 推理判断题。根据文章最后一句If properly administered, a kitemark on terms and conditions could help people know what exactly they are signing up to. Although they would still have to actually read them.可知文章建议我们即使有认证标志，我们呀应该认真阅读那些无意义的合同中的条款和内容，我们要知道我们所签署的协议的具体内容。故B正确。
77.C 标题概括题。现在的网站中或者社交媒体软件中，我们在注册用户名或安装的时候，总会有一些合同或条约让我们签署。很多人从来都没有详细阅读这些合同条款就签名了。文章就此话题展开讨论，作者提出我们应该仔细阅读条款内容，然后在签名。故C项“Accept without reading?未阅读就接受”符合文章中心思想。其余三项与文章内容不贴切。
考点：考查社会现象类阅读

2015年上海秋季高考英语真题
One of the executives gathered at the Aspen Institute for a day-long leadership workshop using the works of Shakespeare was discussing the role of Brutus in the death of Julius Caesar. “Brutus was not an honorable man,” he said. “He was a traitor（叛徒）. And he murdered someone in cold blood.” The agreement was that Brutus had acted with cruelty when other options were available to him. He made a bad decision, they said—at least as it was presented by Shakespeare—to take the lead in murdering Julius Caesar. And though one of the executives acknowledged that Brutus had the good of the republic in mind, Caesar was nevertheless his superior. “You have to understand,” the executives said, “our policy is to obey the chain of command
During the last few years, business executives and book writers looking for a new way to advise corporate America have been exploiting Shakespeare’s wisdom for profitable ends. None more so than husband and wife team Kenneth and Carol Adelman, well-known advisers to the White House, who started up a training company called “Movers and Shakespeares”. They are amateur Shakespeare scholars and Shakespeare lovers, and they have combined their passion and their high level contacts into a management training business. They conduct between 30 and 40 workshops annually, focusing on half a dozen different plays, mostly for corporations, but also for government agencies.
The workshops all take the same form, focusing on a single play as a kind of case study, and using individual scenes as specific lessons. In Julius Caesar, for example, Cassius’s sly provocation（狡诈的挑唆） of Brutus to take up arms against Caesar was a basis for a discussion of methods of team building and grass roots organising.
Although neither of the Adelmans is academically trained in literature, the programmes contain plenty of Shakespeare tradition and background. Their workshop on Henry V, for example, includes a helpful explanation of Henry’s winning strategy at the Battle of Agincourt. But they do come to the text with a few biases (偏向): their reading of Henry V minimizes his misuse of power. Instead, they emphasize the story of the youth who seizes opportunity and becomes a masterful leader. And at the workshop on Caesar, Mr. Adelmans had little good to say about Brutus, saying “the noblest Roman of them all” couldn’t make his mind up about things.
Many of the participants pointed to very specific elements in the play that they felt to be related. Caesar’s pride, which led to his murder, and Brutus’s mistakes in leading the traitors after the murder, they said, raise vital questions for anyone serving in a business: when and how do you resist the boss?
73. According to paragraph 1, what did all the executives think of Brutus?
A. Cruel.                    B. Superior.               C. Honorable.            D. Rude
74. According to the passage, the Adelmans set up “Movers and Shakespeares” to ________.
A. help executives to understand Shakespeare’s plays better
B. give advice on leadership by analyzing Shakespeare’s plays
C. provide case studies of Shakespeare’s plays in literature workshops   
D. guide government agencies to follow the characters in Shakespeare’s plays.
75. Why do the Adelmans conduct a workshop on Henry V?
A. To highlight the importance of catching opportunities.
B. To encourage masterful leaders to plan strategies to win.
C. To illustrate the harm of prejudices in management.   
D. To warn executives against power misuse.
76. It can be inferred from the passage that ____.
A. the Adelmans’ programme proves biased as the roles of characters are maximized.
B. executives feel bored with too many specific elements of Shakespeare’s plays.
C. the Adelmans will make more profits if they are professional scholars.
D. Shakespeare has played an important role in the management field.
77. The best title for the passage is _____.
A. Shakespeare’s plays: Executives reconsider corporate culture
B. Shakespeare’s plays: An essential key to business success
C. Shakespeare’s plays: a lesson for business motivation
D. Shakespeare’s plays: Dramatic training brings dramatic results
【解析】这是一篇论说文，相对来说有一定的难度。所用的词不少是专业术语，也或者是专有名词，这给阅读带来一定的障碍。
73. 【答案】 A
【解析】文章介绍了莎士比亚戏剧在商业管理方面的运用。细节理解题 根据第一段描述所用的一些词语“not an honorable man 不是一个受敬仰的人”,“traitor 叛徒”，“in cold blood 冷血”等可以得出答案为cruel 残忍的。Superior 意为较高的（级别、地位）; 较好的（在质量等方面）; 较多的（数量）; 上等的; rude 意为粗鲁的。
74. 【答案】B
【解析】细节题 根据第二段的一些用词“well-known advisers to the White House 著名的白宫顾问”,”management training business 管理训练商业”，可以知道答案是与leadership 管理有关。其中leadership（领导）和management 是同义词。
75. 【