托福ETS官网在线测试题.pdf

General Test InformationThis is a test of your ability to use English in an academic context.There are four sections that make up the complete test.In the Reading section,you will answer questions about three reading passages.In the Listening section,you will answer questions about two conversations and four lectures.In the Speaking section,you will answer six questions.Some of the questions ask you to speak based on your own experience.Other questions ask you to speak about lectures you have heard and/or passages you have read.In the Writing section,you w川 answer two questions.The first question asks you to write about the relationship between a lecture you will hear and a passage you will read.The second asks you to write an essay about a topic of general interest based on your experience.You will have a 10-minute break after the Listening section.There will be directions for each section which explain how to answer the questions in that section.You should work quickly but carefully on the Listening and Reading questions.Some questions are more difficult than others,but try to answer every one to the best of your ability.If you are not sure of the answer to a question,make the best guess that you can.The questions that you answer by speaking and writing are each separately timed.Try to answer every one of these questions as completely as possible in the time allowed.When you are ready to continue,click on the Dismiss Directions icon.Reading Section DirectionsIn this section you will read three passages and answer reading comprehension questions about each passage.Most questions are worth one point,but the last question in each set is worth more than one point.The directions indicate how many points you may receive.You will have 60 minutes to read all of the passages and answer the questions.Some passages include a word or phrase that is underlined in blue.Click on the word or phrase to see a definition or an explanation.When you want to move on to the next question,click on Next.You can skip questions and go back to them later as long as long as there is time remaining.If you want to return to previous questions,click on Back.You can click on Review at any time and the review screen w川 show you which questions you have answered and which you have not.From this review screen,you may go directly to any question you have already seen in the reading section.When you are ready to continue,click on the Dismiss Directions icon.Opportunists and CompetitorsGrowth,reproduction,and daily metabolism all require an organism to expend energy.The expenditure of energy is essentially a process of budgeting,just as finances are budgeted.If all of ones money is spent on clothes,there may be none left to buy food or go to the movies.Similarly,a plant or animal cannot squander all its energy on growing a big body if none would be left over for reproduction,for this is the surest way to extinction.All organisms,therefore,allocate energy to growth,reproduction,maintenance,and storage.No choice is involved;this allocation comes as part of the genetic package from the parents.Maintenance for a given body design of an organism is relatively constant.Storage is important,but ultimately that energy will be used for maintenance,reproduction,or growth.Therefore the principal differences in energy allocation are likely to be between growth and reproduction.Almost all of an organisms energy can be diverted to reproduction,with very little allocated to building the body.Organisms at this extreme are opportunists.At the other extreme are competitors,almost all of whose resources are invested in building a huge body,with a bare minimum allocated to reproduction.Dandelions are good examples of opportunists.Their seedheads raised just high enough above the ground to catch the wind,the plants are no bigger than they need be,their stems are hollow,and all the rigidity comes from their water content.Thus,a minimum investment has been made in the body that becomes a platform for seed dispersal.These very short-lived plants reproduce prolifically;that is to say they provide a constant rain of seed in the neighborhood of parent plants.A new plant will spring up wherever a seed falls on a suitable soil surface,but because they do not build big bodies,they cannot compete with other plants for space,water,or sunlight.These plants are termed opportunists because they rely on their seeds falling into settings where competing plants have been removed by natural processes,such as along an eroding riverbank,on landslips,or where a tree falls and creates a gap in the forest canopy.Opportunists must constantly invade new areas to compensate for being displaced by more competitive species.Human landscapes of lawns,fields,or flowerbeds provide settings with bare soil and a lack of competitors that are perfect habitats for colonization by opportunists.Hence,many of the strongly opportunistic plants are the common weeds of fields and gardens.Because each individual is short-lived,the population of an opportunist species is likely to be adversely affected by drought,bad winters,or floods.If their population is tracked through time,it will be seen to be particularly unstablesoaring and plummeting in irregular cycles.The opposite of an opportunist is a competitor.These organisms tend to have big bodies,are long-lived,and spend relatively little effort each year on reproduction.An oak tree is a good example of a competitor.A massive oak claims its ground for 200 years or more,outcompeting all other would-be canopy trees by casting a dense shade and drawing up any free water in the soil.The leaves of an oak tree taste foul because they are rich in tannins,a chemical that renders them distasteful or indigestible to many organisms.The tannins are part of the defense mechanism that is essential to longevity.Although oaks produce thousands of acorns,the investment in a crop of acorns is small compared with the energy spent on building leaves,trunk,and roots.Once an oak tree becomes established,it is likely to survive minor cycles of drought and even fire.A population of oaks is likely to be relatively stable through time,and its survival is likely to depend more on its ability to withstand the pressures of competition or predation than on its ability to take advantage of chance events.It should be noted,however,that the pure opportunist or pure competitor is rare in nature,as most species fall between the extremes of a continuum,exhibiting a blend of some opportunistic and some competitive characteristics.1.The word squander in the passage is closest in meaning to extend transform activate waste2.The word none in the passage refers to food plant or animal energy big body3.In paragraph 1,the author explains the concept of energy expenditure by identifying types of organisms that became extinct comparing the scientific concept to a familiar human experience arguing that most organisms conserve rather than expend energy describing the processes of growth,reproduction,and metabolismParagraph 1 is marked with an arrow.4.According to the passage,the classification of organisms as opportunists or competitors is determined by how the genetic information of an organism is stored and maintained the way in which the organism invests its energy resources whether the climate in which the organism lives is mild or extreme the variety of natural resources the organism consumes in its environment5.The word dispersal in the passage is closest in meaning todevelopment growth distribution protection6.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage?Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.Because their seeds grow in places where competing plants are no longer present,dandelions are classified as opportunists.Dandelions are called opportunists because they contribute to the natural processes of erosion and the creation of gaps in the forest canopy.The term opportunists applies to plants whose seeds fall in places where they can compete with the seeds of other plants.The term opportunists applies to plants whose falling seeds are removed by natural processes.7.The word massive in the passage is closest in meaning tohuge ancientcommonsuccessful8.All of the following are mentioned in paragraph 7 as contributing to the longevity of an oak tree EXCEPT the capacity to create shadeleaves containing tanninthe ability to withstand mild droughts and fire the large number of acorns the tree producesParagraph 7 is marked with an arrow.T.9.According to the passage,oak trees are considered competitors because they grow in areas free of opportunists they spend more energy on their leaves,trunks and roots than on their acorns their population tends to increase or decrease in irregular cycles unlike other organisms,they do not need much water or sunlight10.In paragraph 7,the author suggests that most species of organisms are primarily opportunists are primarily competitors begin as opportunists and evolve into competitors have some characteristics of opportunists and some of competitorsParagraph 7 is marked with an arrow.11.Look at the four squares H that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage.Such episodic events will cause a population of dandelions,for example,to vary widely.Where would the sentence best fit?Click on a square H to add the sentence to the passage.12.Directions:Complete the table by matching the phrases belowDirections:Select the appropriate phrases from the answer choices and match them to the type of organism to which they relate.TWO of the answer choices will NOT be used.This question is worth 4 points.Drag your answer choices to the spaces where they belong.To remove an answer choice,click on it.To review the passage,click on View Text.Answer Choices OpportunistsVary frequently the amount of energy they spend in body maintenance Have mechanisms for protecting themselves from predation,Succeed in locations where other organisms have been removed*Have relatively short life spans Invest energy in the growth of large,strong structuresHave populations that are unstable in.Competitorsresponse to climate conditions rCan rarely find suitable soil for reproductionProduce individuals that canwithstand changes in the environmental conditionsReproduce in large numbersLascaux Cave PaintingsIn Southwest France in the 1940s,playing children discovered Lascaux Grotto,a series of narrow cave chambers that contain huge prehistoric paintings of animals.Many of these beasts are as large as 16 feet(almost 5 meters).Some follow each other in solemn parades,but others swirl about,sideways and upside down.The animals are bulls,wild horses,reindeer,bison,and mammoths outlined with charcoal and painted mostly in reds,yellow,and browns.Scientific analysis reveals that the colors were derived from ocher and other iron oxides ground into a fine powder.Methods of applying color varied:some colors were brushed or smeared on rock surfaces and others were blown or sprayed.It is possible that tubes made from animal bones were used for spraying because hollow bones,some stained with pigment,have been found nearby.One of the most puzzling aspects of the paintings is their location.Other rock paintingsfor example,those of Bushmen in South Africaare either located near cave entrances or completely in the open.Cave paintings in France and Spain,however,are in recesses and caverns far removed from original cave entrances.This means that artists were forced to work in cramped spaces and without sources of natural light.It also implies that whoever made them did not want them to be easily found.Since cave dwellers normally lived close to entrances,there must have been some reason why so many generations of Lascaux cave dwellers hid their art.Scholars offer three related but different opinions about the mysterious origin and significance of these paintings.One opinion is that the paintings were a record of seasonal migrations made by herds.Because some paintings were made directly over others,obliterating them,it is probable that a paintings value ended with the migration it pictured.Unfortunately,this explanation fails to explain the hidden locations,unless the migrations were celebrated with secret ceremonies.Another opinion is that the paintings were directly related to hunting and were an essential part of a special preparation ceremony.This opinion holds that the pictures and whatever ceremony they accompanied were an ancient method of psychologically motivating hunters.It is conceivable that before going hunting the hunters would draw or study pictures of animals and imagine a successful hunt.Considerable support exists for this opinion because several animals in the pictures are wounded by arrows and spears.This opinion also attempts to solve the overpainting by explaining that an animals picture had no further use after the hunt.A third opinion takes psychological motivation much further into the realm of tribal ceremonies and mystery:the belief that certain animals assumed mythical significance as ancient ancestors or protectors of a given tribe or clan.Two types of images substantiate this theory:the strange,indecipherable geometric shapes that appear near some animals,and the few drawings of men.Wherever men appear they are crudely drawn and their bodies are elongated and rigid.Some men are in a prone position and some have bird or animal heads.Advocates for this opinion point to reports from people who have experienced a trance state,a highly suggestive state of low consciousness between waking and sleeping.Uniformly,these people experienced weightlessness and the sensation that their bodies were being stretched lengthwise.Advocates also point to people who believe that the forces of nature are inhabited by spirits,particularly shamans*who believe that an animals spirit and energy is transferred to them while in a trance.One Lascaux narrative picture,which shows a man with a birdlike head and a wounded animal,would seem to lend credence to this third opinion,but there is still much that remains unexplained.For example,where is the proof that the man in the picture is a shaman?He could as easily be a hunter wearing a headmask.Many tribal hunters,including some Native Americans,camouflaged themselves by wearing animal heads and hides.Perhaps so much time has passed that there will never be satisfactory answers to the cave images,but their mystique only adds to their importance.Certainly a great art exists,and by its existence reveals that ancient human beings were not without intelligence,skill,and sensitivity.*shamans:holy people who act as healers and diviners13.The word others in the passage refers tochambers paintings beasts parades14.The word Methods in the passage is closest in meaning toWays Shades Stages Rules15.What are the bones found in the Lascaux caves believed to ind