专八改错技巧知识讲解.ppt

单击此处编辑母版标题样式,单击此处编辑母版文本样式,第二级,第三级,第四级,第五级,*,词法错误,句法错误,语篇错误,Proofreading and error correction,词法错误,冠词,名词,代词,介词及固定搭配,形容词和副词的比较结构,情态动词,用词混淆,1、三类常见冠词错误,a.冠词误用,b.冠词冗余,c.冠词缺失,出现频率较高!,a.冠词误用,09年真题,The,previous,section has shown how quickly a rhyme passes from one schoolchild to the,next and illustrates thefurther,difference,between school lore and nursery lore.,the further difference a further difference,b.冠词冗余,2010真题,Similarly,we have no reason to doubt that the Eskimo language could be as precise and subtle on the subject of motor manufacture,or cricket if these topics formed the part of the Eskimos life.,The 去掉the,Language the language,c.冠词缺失,2007年真题,We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are,largely reflex actions,instinctive to large extent,whereas language,proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional.,to large extent to a large extent,2.名词的数,paper-papers,safe-safes,glass-glasses,wood-woods,work-works,father-in-law-fathers-in-law,近年，出现频率较低,2004 年真题,Congressional investigations nevertheless represent one important tool available to lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to,arouse public interests in national issues,.,interests-interest,3、两类常见代词错误,a.代词误用,b.代词冗余,出现频率较高,a.代词误用,2009,In nursery lore a verse,learnt in early childhood,is not usually passed on again when the little listener has grown up,and has,children of their own,or even grandchildren,.The period between learning a nursery rhyme,and transmitting it may be something from,twenty to seventy years.,their-his(,2013-7,),something-anything(,2013-8,),b.代词冗余,2006,We take it for granted the two most common,forms of transmission-by means of sounds produced by our vocal organs(speech)or by visual signs(writing).,it 删除,4、介词及固定搭配,a.介词误用,b.介词冗余,c.介词缺失,出现频率极高！,a.介词误用,2008,Others favored the adoption of Greek,though,as one man put it,things would certainly be simpler for Americans if they stuck on to English and made the British learn Greek.At the end,as everyone knows,the two countries adopted the practical and satisfactory solution of carrying the same language as before.,at-in (in the end),a.介词误用,2006,The English speakers has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules which enables him to communicate his thoughts and feelings,in a variety of styles,to the other English speakers.,in-at (at ones disposal),a.介词误用,2005,And until they were stopped by the antitrust authorities,the Ivy League schools colluded（密谋）to limit competition for the best students,by agreeing not to award scholarship on the basis of merit rather than purely of need-just like business firms agreeing not to give discounts on their best customer.,on-to (give discounts to),2012-5,b.介词冗余,2010,The English language will be just as rich in terms for different kinds of snow if the environments in which English was habitually,used made such distinctions as important,.,as 删除 （made such distinctions important）,2011,I knew that I had a facility with words and a power of facing in unpleasant facts,去掉in;face 面对,face up 勇敢地面对,c.介词缺失,2010,That is,every language appears to be well equipped as any other to say the things their speakers want to say.,be 后面加as,2012-1,5、形容词和副词的比较结构,主要为比较级和最高级误用,出现频率较高,2006,His vocabulary,in particular,both that which he uses actively and that which he recognizes,increases in size as he grows old as a result of education and experience.,old-older,2003,From the 1940s through the early 1960s,Americans married at a high rate,and,at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.,high-higher,6、情态动词,In social situations,the classic Intention Movement is“the chair-grasp”（抓板凳）.Host and guest have been talking for some time,but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away.,can-must,7、用词混淆,a.词义混淆,b.词性混用,c.其他混淆,a.词义混淆,2010,The Eskimos,it is said,can speak about snow with,further more precision,and subtlety,than we can in English,but this is not because the Eskimos language(one of those sometimes mis-called primitive)is inherently.,further-much或者去掉,b.词性混用,2003,From the 1940s through the early 1960s,Americans married at a high rate and at a younger age than their Europe counterparts.,Europe-European,c.其他混淆,2010This example does not come to light a defect in English,a show of unexpected“primitiveness”.,come-bring (bring to light 发现、揭露）,词法错误,句法错误,语篇错误,Proofreading and error correction,句法错误,1、时态和语态,2、主谓一致,3、定语从句和名词性从句,4、非谓语动词,5、It-句型,6、虚拟语气,7、倒装,1、时态和语态,出现频率不高,2002,We begin the“natural”learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to,read or write,and in our early years we went,on unconsciously imitating and practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.,went-go,2012-4,2、主谓一致,出现频率不高,2006,the English speaker has in his disposal a vocabulary and a set of grammatical rules,which enables him to communicate his,thoughts and feelings,in a variety of styles,o the other English speakers.,enables-enable,2013-7,3、定语从句和名词性从句,一个常考常新的考点,注意点：,1）定语从句分限定性和非限定性两种,2）关于that 和which 的区别,2008,At the same time the United States split off from Britain,for example,there were proposals that independence should be linguistically accepted by the use of a different language from those of Britain.,time 后面加上when,2007,We may say that the cries of pain or chortles of amusement are largely reflex actions,instinctive to large extent,whereas language,proper does not consist of signs but of these that have to be learnt and that are wholly conventional,.,these-those,2005,The rise in tuition may reflect the fact economic uncertainty increases the demand for education.,fact 后面加that,4、非谓语动词,非谓语动词的三种形式：,to do 不定式,doing 动名词,done 分词,考试出现频率极高,主要错误：,1.句子中出现两个谓语,2.动名词与不定式误用,3.分词的误用,接不定式做宾语的动词：,agree,advise,care,choose,consent,decide,determine,desire,expect,fail,happen,hesitate,hope,learn,manage,offer,prepare,pretend,promise,propose,refuse,resolve,want,wish,等,接动名词做宾语的动词：,admit,appreciate,avoid,complete,consider,deny,detest,dislike,endure,enjoy,envy,escape,excuse,fancy,feel like,finish,forgive,give up,go on,cant help,imagine,insist on,involve,keep,keep on,leave off,mention,mind,miss,postpone,praise,practise,put off,quit,recollect,report,resent,resist,risk,stand,stop,suggest,think,understand等。,2007,From what has been said,it must be clear that no one can make very positive statements about how language originated.There is no material in any language today and in the earliest records of ancient,language show us language in a new and,emerging state.,show-showing,2006,Each of us shares with the community in which we live a store of words and meanings,as well as agreeing conventions as to the way,in which words should be arranged to convey a particular message.,agreeing-agreed,5、It-句型,2010,There may or may not be appropriate to talk about primitive peoples or cultures,but that is another matter.,There-It,Grammar errors,1.A smile can be observed,described,and reliably identify,and it can also be elicited and manipulated under experimental conditions.,2.A musical genius,John Cage is noted for his highly unconventional ideas,and he respected for his unusual compositions and performances.,3.Chocolate is prepared by a complex process of cleaning,blend and roasting cocoa beans,which must be ground and mixed with sugar.,4.Several million points on the human body registers either cold,heat,pain,or touch.,5.In the 1800s store owners sold everything from a needle to a plow,trust everyone,and never took inventory.,6.Human beings are social animals whom usually prefer not to live in physical or psychological isolation.,7.It estimated that only about thirty percent of our planets surface consists of land.,8.If television had been invented a thousand years ago,will nations be significantly more homogeneous than they are now?,9.The St.Lawrence Seaway,which runs between British Columbia and New York,has completed by the United States and Canada in 1959.,10.Film directors can take far great liberties in dealing with concepts of time and space than stage directors can.,词法错误,句法错误,语篇错误,Proofreading and error correction,衔接错误,语义错误,语篇错误,1.衔接错误,2006,We take it for granted the two most common forms of transmission-by means of sounds,produced by our vocal organs(speech)or by visual signs(writing).,or-and,2004,Most committee hearings are open to public and are reported widely in the mass media.Congressional investigations nevertheless represent one important tool available to,lawmakers to inform the citizenry and to arouse public interests in national issues.,nevertheless-therefore,2.语义错误,2006,But,whether the language store is relatively small or large,the system remains no more than a psychological reality for the individual,unless he has a means of expressing it in,terms able to be seen by another member of his linguistic community,;,seen-understood,Context errors,1.I thought those figures were correct.Therefore,I have recently heard they were not.,2.We do not have enough money at present,but we cannot afford to buy the new car.,3.The point is to offer you some perspectives to consider,so you can make more conscious and deliberate choices for yourself.,4.You must accept that youre the creator of your life and that any one is coming to rescue you.,