八年级英语上册 三单元语法及所需掌握短语教案北师大版.doc

北师大版英语八年级上册一单元语法及所需掌握短语
Unit 3 Countries and Cities
语 法
一、 形容词的原来形式在相比较概念中称做原级，与之比较，“更……的”称作比较级，“最……的”称作最高级。
形容词变成比较级和最高级的构成规则
1. 一般单音节形容词和少数双音节词变成比较级，最高级，分别在词尾加er, est.
情况
变法
例词
一般情况
加er, est
tall—taller—tallest
以e结尾时
加r, st
large—larger—largest
以“辅音+y”结尾时
变y为i，加er, est
happy—happier—happiest
以重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母时
双写最后的辅音字母，再加er,est
big—bigger—biggest
thin—thinner—thinnest
对少数的双音节形容词，变比较级和最高级时也是如此。
e.g. narrow — narrower —narrowest 
simple—simpler —simplest  
clever—cleverer —cleverest
2. 一般双音节及多音节的形容词变比较级和最高级时，都要在前面加more, most.
e.g. useful—more useful—most useful
difficult—more difficult—most difficult
3. 特殊情况：(两好多坏，一少老远)
good/ well many/much bad/ill little old far
原级
比较级
最高级
many/much
more
most
good/well
better
best
bad
worse
worst
little
less
least
far
farther/further
farthest/furthest
old
older/elder
oldest/eldest

4. 其他用法。
（1）形容词的同级比较。
表示两者一样时，用as…as，不及……时，用 not so…as, not as…as
e.g. He is as tall as his elder sister.
    I read lesson 2 as many times as lesson 1.
    In winter it is not so cold in Nanjing as in Beijing.
（2）形容词比较级的单独用法。
    Are you feeling better now?
    Be more careful.
    Eat less meat and more vegetable.
    He has less money.
（3）more and more 越来越
    After March, the weather is getting warmer and warmer.
    Now our country is getting stronger and stronger.
The garden is becoming more and more beautiful.
（4）the more… the more 越是……就越
The more angry she became, the more they laughed at her.
The harder you work, the better you will do.

二、 不定代词的用法
不是指明代替任何特定名词的代词叫做不定代词。
这些不定代词大都可以代替名词，且这些代词都作单数看待，在句中做主语，宾语或表语。做主语时，句中的谓语动词要用单数。
做主语使用：Someone wants to see you.
做宾语使用：I know nothing about it.
做表语使用：Money isn’t everything.
1. 由every构成的everybody/everyone, everything都含有概括的意思，表示一切人或事物。
e.g. Everybody/Everyone has a book. 每人（大家）都有一本书。
2. someone/somebody, anyone/anybody 均表示某人，something, anything均表示某物，someone/somebody, something 一般用于肯定句，anybody/anyone, anything一般用于否定句或疑问句。
e.g. There is someone / somebody in the room.
There isn’t anybody/anyone in the room.
Is there anybody/anyone in the room?
3. 和some一样，somebody/someone, something有时也用于疑问句中，含有肯定的意思（表示请求，建议或反问）。
e.g. Why not ask somebody to help us?
    Is someone coming this morning?
4. anybody/anyone, anything 也可以用来表示任何人，任何事
e.g. You can do anything you want.
5. 形容词可以修饰不定代词，但必须放在不定代词的后面。
e.g. I found nothing interesting in today’s newspaper.
注意：
1.不定代词做主语，谓语动词用单数。
2.有修饰语时，须放在不定代词的后面。
3. something, anything, nothing可用it代替，someone, somebody, everyone等做主语时可用he/she或they代替，做宾语时可用him/her或them代替。

三、used to do
   used to do sth.意思是“过去常常做某事”，表示过去经常做或一直做而现在不做，它只用于过去时态。
   (一)肯定句式：
　　主语＋used to＋动词原形……
　　例如：I used to go to the cinema,but I never have time now.
　　我过去经常去看电影，但现在没有时间了。
　　He used to listen to pop music but now he likes rock music.
　　他过去总听流行音乐，但现在喜欢摇滚了。
　　(二)否定句式：
　　A)主语＋did not use to＋动词原形……
　　B)主语＋used not to＋动词原形……
　　第一种否定句型，就是把used当做实义动词来看，所以变否定句要用助动词did；第二种否定句是把used当做情态动词，变否定句直接在used后面加not即可，used not可以缩写成usedn't或usen't。
　　美式英语通常用A种形式，英式英语常用B种形式。例如：
　　You didn't use to drink.你过去不喝酒。
　　The shop usedn't to open on Sundays. 过去这家商店星期天不营业。
　　(三)一般疑问句式：
　　A)Did＋主语＋use to＋动词原形……？
　　B)Used＋主语＋to＋动词原形……？
　　美式英语通常用A种形式，英式英语用B种形式。例如：
　　Did you use to go swimming in the river when you were young?
　　你小时候经常在河里游泳吗？
　　Used he go to school by bike?
　　他过去骑车上学吗？
　　——Used you play basketball?
　　——你过去常打篮球吗？
　　——Yes, I used to.(No,I usedn't.)
　　——是的，经常打。(不，不常打。)
　　I don't write to him now, but I used to.
　　我现在不给他写信了，但过去经常写。

    be used to doing  “习惯于”，可用become和get代替。
    e.g. I’m used to living in the north.
He gets used to getting up early.
    be used to do 表示被用做……
    e.g. Wood is used to make paper.

造句
1. such as

2. of course

3. prefer to do sth.

4. not…any more(=no more)

5. no longer (=not…any longer)

6.for a long time

7.no water at all

8.be good for

9.at the side of

10.at first

11.both of them他（它）们俩都……

12.different from与……不同

13.on the other hand
词汇造句
1. such as 1）比如，例如2）像……这样的，诸如……这类
There is a lot of fruit in the shop, such as oranges, bananas, etc.
店中有多种水果出售，比如橘子、香蕉等等。

They visited several cities such as Beijing, Shanghai, and Qingdao.
他们游览了几个城市，如北京、上海、青岛。

Animals such as dogs and cats are called pets. 像狗、猫这类动物叫做宠物。

2. of course当然，自然；当然可以
Of course he’ll help me. 他当然会帮助我。

“Are you going to see Mr. Green with us?” “Of course!
“你和我们一起去看望格林先生吗？”“当然！”

“May I use your telephone?” “Yes, of course.”“我可以借您的电话用一用吗?” “当然可以。“

“Do you want to go back?” “Of course not!”“你想回去吗？”“当然不想!”

3. prefer to do sth.宁愿做（某事）；更喜欢……
He prefers to live among the young people. 他更喜欢和年轻人住在一起。

I would prefer not to go out today. 我今天宁愿不出去。

He offered to drive us to the theatre, but we preferred to walk.
他愿意开车送我们去剧场，但我们愿意走着去。

4. not…any more(=no more)不再……，没有再……
We did not see him any more. 我们没有再见到他。
Tom isn’t a boy any more. 汤姆不再是个孩子了。

You must not worry about it any more. 你千万别再为这件事担心了。

5. no longer (=not…any longer)不再……
She no longer lives here.(=She doesn’t live here any longer.)
她已经不住在这里了。

He found that Mr. Smith was no longer working there.
他发现史密斯先生已不在那里工作了。

I can wait no longer. 我不能再等了。

6.for a long time长时间，很久
He stood there for a long time. 他在那里站了很长时间（站了半天）。

I didn’t know what to say for a long time. 我好长时间不知说什么好。

7.no water at all一点儿（水）也没有
There is no hope at all. 一点儿希望也没有。

“I’m sorry to give you so much trouble.” “Oh, it’s no trouble at all.”
“对不起，给您添了这么多麻烦。”“啊，一点儿不麻烦。”

It will do you no harm at all. 那对你毫无害处。

8.be good for对……有好处；适合……
Milk is good for children. 牛奶对儿童有好处。
Vegetables are good for our health. 蔬菜有利于身体健康。
The terrible English climate is not good for swimming.
这种糟糕的英国气候不适合游泳。

9.at the side of在……的旁边，在……的一侧
There is a big garden at the side of our house. 在我家房子旁边有一个大花园。
The child stood at the side of his mother. 这个孩子站在他母亲的身旁。

10.at first起初，开始时
At first they didn’t agree with us. 起初他们不同意我们的意见。

I can hardly believe my ears at first. 最初我简直认为我听错了。

There was a little trouble at first but things were soon quiet.
开始时是有点儿麻烦，但后来事情很快就平静下来。

11.both of them他（它）们俩都……
Both of them are my friends. 他们两人都是我的朋友。

I invited both of them. 他们两个我都邀请了。

Both of them were wrong. 他们俩都错了。

12.different from与……不同
City life is different from country life. 都市生活与乡村生活不同。

This car is different from the one I drove yesterday.
这辆汽车与我昨天驾驶的那辆不同。
He’s quite different from what he was ten years ago.
他与十年前大不相同。

13.on the other hand另一方面，而……却
He is clever, but on the other hand, he makes many mistakes.
他很聪明，但另一方面，他出了很多错。

Father and Mother wanted to go for a walk in the park; the children, on the other hand, wanted to stay at home.
父母想去公园散步，而孩子们却想留在家里。