英国文学2.pptx

Unit 5 Adventure Fiction WriterswDaniel Defoe(1660-1731)wJonathan Swift(1667-1745)Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)出生商人家庭，婚姻美满，当过批发商，生意兴隆，蹲过监狱，后来生意破产，从事写作，包括诗歌（如地道的英国人The True Born Englishman）、短文（如铲除异教徒的捷径The Shortest way with the Dissenters）、小说（鲁宾孙漂流记、摩尔弗兰德斯等），并发行评论报(The Review)，该报早于闲谈者和旁观者，确立了期刊论文的形式鲁宾孙漂流记故事梗概鲁宾孙覆舟遇险，在水中挣扎，登陆一无人居住的小岛，在岛上住了18年，独立建防御工事，种大麦、水稻，养山羊，造船，跟土人作战，历尽艰辛，后被一艘英国船发现，回到英国。鲁宾孙漂流记的意义w马克思称鲁宾孙是18世纪的个人，一方面是封建社会形态解体的产物，另一方面是16世纪以来新兴生产力的产物w鲁宾孙是那个时代的创业者，一个殖民者，一个帝国的创造人，体现了正在兴起的资产阶级个人奋斗的精神和殖民扩张的精神摩尔弗兰德斯w18世纪最重要的小说之一，叙述伦敦一妓女的历险w试图脱离早期英国小说的说教传统，强调环境的影响wMoll Flanders:Defoe introduces,for the first time,a lowly woman as the subject of literature.And it anticipates many later novels that take women as the center of attention in order to expose how the social system victimized them.The heroine is a woman living by stealing and cheating.It is also a tradition in English novel but the authors purpose is not showing her tricks.His purpose is satirizing the social system More about Robinson Crusoew Background:a real incident;1704,Alexander Selkirk,a Scottish sailor,was thrown onto a desolate island by the mutinous叛变的 crew of his ship.He lived there alone for 5 years.Defoe read about his adventures in a newspaper and went to interview him to get first-hand information.wThe first translation was done by Lin Shu in 1905 and became quite popular in China wPlot:run away from home become a sailor a planter in Brazil to an uninhabited island because of shipwreck make a living there all by himself save a negro named Friday who became his servant back to England visit the remote island again and Friday was killed wRobinson Crusoes characterization:typical of the rising English bourgeois class,practical,diligent,a restless curiosity to know more about the world and a desire to prove individual power in the face of social and natural challenges;shrewd精明的,care about money and good at managing;courageous and intelligent to overcome all kinds of obstacles wTheme:praising labor and mans courage and effort to conquer nature,but at the same time he beautifies colonialism and slavery(Friday)wHow Robinson made a home for himself step by step on the remote island?Finding some useful things from the wrecked ship making a little pale around his tent making a hut with the roof enlarging his cave and making it like a storehouse making a chair and a table making large shelves keep everything in orderwStyle:journalistic truth with many vivid details,simple and plain sentence structure and language,first person point of view,natural order in narration,making the story intimate to the readers and become popular among lower classesWhat is the story of the novel.wIt is a novel of adventure.wRobinson Crusoe is a sailor.wIn one of his voyages he is shipwrecked.wAll the other men are drowned.He alone finds himself cast away on the shore of an uninhabited island.wHe lives there alone for many years.wWith the few things he gets from the wrecked ship,he builds a dwelling place.w He grows barley and rice,domesticates the goats,fights against the savages,and saves one savage named Friday from death and makes him his servant.wFinally he is brought back to England by an English ship.What does Robinson Crusoe stand for?wRobinson Crusoe stands for a typical 18th-century English middle-class man,with a great capacity for work,inexhaustible energy,courage,patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles,in struggling against the hostile natural environment.He is the very prototype of the empire builder,the pioneer colonist.What is the authors attitude towards colonialism?wFrom the creation of the image of Robinson Crusoe by the author,we can see that Defoe took positive attitude towards colonialism.wHis bourgeois outlook manifests itself in the fact that he does not condemn Negro-slavery in his book.wThough Robinson labors for his own existence,yet as soon as a native makes his appearance on the island,Robinson assumes the role of a master.“Master”is the first word Friday learns from Robinson.Here lies colonialism in germ.Why does the book enjoys so much popularity?wThe book echoes with the contemporary spirit of 18th century.Robinson is adventurous,optimist,full of energy and pioneering spirits.After the shipwreck and landing on an island,he met with unimaginable difficulties,which are overcome by him with strong-will and determination.wRobinson is a hero and is a representative of the rising bourgeoisie.He is the very prototype of the empire builder,the pioneer colonist.wThe book eulogizes the pioneering spirits and preaches colonialism.Why is the book a realistic masterpiece?wThe book is written in the first person,which makes the story very close to realitywThe account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature is very realistic and forms one of the characteristics of the novelwDefoe paid attention to the description of details,eg:the height of the trunk to pitch the tent is 5.5 feet tall,the date is Sep.30,1659wThe language is simple and terse,features好像是 objective accounts of the events on the island.Defoe combined rich imagination full of pioneering spirits with detailed and authentic descriptionAbout the QuestionsQuestion 1wI think so.The detailed description is close to reality.wHe consulted four things before pitching his tent:health and fresh water,shelter from the heat of the sun,security from ravenousa view to the sea.He made bags and boxes to separate the power.He observed the movement of the goats.What he did sounds reasonable and the description sounds convincing.Question 2wIn that condition it was feasible.w It was important for him to keep track of time because he had to adjust himself to the environment there.To to this,he should first be familiar with the changes of the seasons(and the sun,the stars,etc.),the bad weather,natural disasters,the movements of the animals and plants there,etc.If he lost track of time,he would be at a loss what to do next.He even did not know how long he had stayed.His actions would be blind.Question 3wHe had a great capacity for work.wHe had inexhaustible energywHe was courageous,patient and persistent in struggling against the hostile natural environmentJonathan Swift(1667-1745)w遗腹子，生于爱尔兰，都伯林三一学院受教育，曾寄居辉格党人外交家威廉吞普尔爵士（母亲远亲）之家，做秘书，仆人对待，关系紧张w恋爱受挫，给人生投下黑暗阴影，后爱上艾斯特，同时又赢得瓦妮莎的痴恋w圣帕特里克大教堂主教，脱离党下台，政治影响结束，艾斯特死后，身体恶化，精神失常桶的故事w一人死前给三儿子彼得、马丁、杰克每人一上衣，告知怎样穿、保管，嘱咐他们和睦友爱w父亲指基督，上衣指基督教信仰和教规，遗嘱指新约，三儿子影射罗马正教、英国国教和不信奉国教者w三兄弟起初和睦，接着曲解遗嘱故事的含义三个教会都违背了基督教所教导的简明的宗教信仰，他们凭借朴素的基督教信仰获取名利，暗施诡计，相互仇恨书战(1679)wThe Battle of the Books is a short satire,depicting a literal battle between books in the Kings Library.w此书为邓普尔的论古代和现代学问(Of Ancient and Modern Learning)辩护，把迂腐学究讽刺挖苦得淋漓尽致w属于听命文学，为主人张目(build up his master)，批评中夹杂了偏见一个小小的建议(1729)w一本正经地为提出一个建议：爱尔兰人把孩子卖给富人，做成美味佳肴，一举两得w作者很懂烹调，详述了做成美味佳肴的过程w对英国政府欺压爱尔兰人民的强烈批判格列夫游记（1726）w代表作，匿名出版，影射当今事件，抨击人类的愚蠢、社会的邪恶w分为四部分（小人国、大人国、飞岛国、慧马国）w痛斥当今宫廷、政客、政党的虚荣和伪善The Characteristics of Jonathan Swifts writingwHe is a master satirist.His satire is masked by an outward gravity and an apparent earnestness.wHis writing is almost unsurpassed in the writing of prose wHis writing is simple,direct,and precise.wClear,simple,concrete diction,uncomplicated sentence structure,economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings.The Social Significance of Gullivers TravelsGullivers Travels is Jonathans best fictional work.The book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially,politically,religiously,philosophically,scientifically,and morally.It carries great social significance,because its exploration into human nature is profound.The Structure of Gullivers TravelsGullivers Travels consists four parts.In structure,the four parts make an organic whole,with each contrived upon an independent structure,and yet complementing the others and contributing to the central concern of study of human nature and life.The first two parts are considered the best paired-up work.