教学设计-Grammar-and-usage.doc

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● Grammar and Usage
Present perfect tense
1. Use different methods to present the present perfect tense. Here are some ideas:
1) Please look at the screen. Pay attention to the different forms of the verbs:

2) Let’s complete the following sentences, in which the predicate part is missing.
We_____(study) English for about five years.
They_____(live) in the south since their daughter was born.
I_______ (read) your article three times. It's well written.
The student________(finish) her homework already.
Eric__________(go) back to his hometown today.
Answers: have studied have lived have read has finished has gone
3) Read the following sentences and point out what tense or tenses are used in them and the reasons why they are used.
We have studied English for about five years. We began to study it five years ago.
They moved to the south in 1990 and have lived there since then.
The student is doing her homework. She hasn't finished it yet.
Eric left home last year and has just come back.
2. We may wonder why some verbs can't be used in the present perfect tense. Let’s read the following sentences, and try to find different usages of some verbs.
Justin has been away from home for several days. He disappeared last Friday.
They bought this house three years ago and they have lived here since then.
My brother went to see my grandpa last week. He has visited him three times this month.
So you see when an action happens over a period of time that began in the past and continues to the present, the present perfect tense is often used. When an action happened at a definite time in the past, the past simple tense is often used.
3. Read Points 1 and 2 on page 8 to make sure why the present perfect tense is used in these two sentences.
4. Go over Point 3 on page 8 to learn what time expressions can be used with the present perfect tense. Pay attention to the different usages between already and yet, or for and since.
5. Read Point 4 on page 8 to learn that the present perfect tense can be used in a situation where the action was completed only a moment ago. In this case, just is used.
6. Go over Points 5 and 6 on page 8 and note that when we want to express a repeated action, we use the present perfect tense with the time expressions once/twice/three times ...
7. Let’s read the diary entry and then complete it using the correct forms of the verbs in brackets.
Answers:
(2) saw (3) has visited (4) loves (5) hasn't visited (6) has swum (7) has never met
(8) has dived (9) has found (10) hasn't found (11) Has, been

Summary of The Present Perfect tense:
1.We use the present perfect tense to talk about things that happened in the recent past, but are connected to the present.
Daniel has lived(live) in Beijing since he came to China.
(Connection with the past: Daniel came to China. Connection with the present: Daniel is living in China.)

2.We use the present perfect tense to talk about something that started in the past, and is still happening now.
came has lived

past now future
3.We use the present perfect tense to talk about actions that were completed only a short time ago.
I went to Egypt in 1986. I went to Egypt in 2004.I have been (be) to Egypt twice.
4. We can also use the present perfect tense for repeated actions.
Has it ever snowed(snow) in Hong Kong?
No, it has never snowed(snow) there.
5.We use the present perfect tense when the exact time of an action is not clear or important. We use it with time expressions such as: already, ever, for just, lately, never, recently, since, yet
Notes:
1. We use already for affirmative statements and yet for negative statements and interrogative sentences.
2. We use for + a period of time and since + a point of time.
3. Structures connected with the present perfect tense:
1) It is (has been) a period of time +since-clause.
2) This (That/It) is the first (second…) time + that-clause (present perfect tense).
3) This (That/It) is the only ) … + that-clause (present perfect tense).
4) This (That/It) is the best/ finest /most interesting … + that-clause

Resources
The present perfect
-Three hours ago she baked a cake. And since then let’s see…
-…She’s already made the beds, written a letter, gone shopping, and cooked dinner.
-And now she’s just answered the telephone for the fifth time.

English has a verb tense, the present perfect, which serves to denote past happenings that are relevant to, or that still have an effect at, the moment of speaking. This tense, formed with the present of have plus a past participle (answered, cooked, gone, written, made, and so on), is really a combination of present and past together. Notice the kinds of adverbs and adverbial phrases that are closely associated with the present perfect.

He’s been a success now, I would say, since 1990.
And now he’s just decided to enter politics.

The simple past, denoting past happenings that are localized in the past, contrasts sharply with the present perfect, as can be seen best by the kinds of “time” adverbials that may be used with one tense but not with the other.
Simple Past Present Perfect
yesterday since then
an hour ago so far
I learned a new song last night I’ve learned another now
on Monday in the last hour
already

now now

then × then then × then
(past) (future) (past) (future)
(Attention is drawn to the past (Attention is drawn to the present knowledge
Event and the time it took place.) of the song and not on the previous act of learning it.)

Therefore, do not say things like “I’ve learned a new song yesterday”, which is a very common mistake.
The speaker chooses among these and other tenses in part according to how he feels himself related to the event.
Present perfect continuous tense
Here we will look at two situations in which the present perfect continuous tense is used. Note how the tense is formed and try to understand how the tense is used in sentences. We will practise forming verbs in this tense and complete sentences.
1. We sometimes use the present perfect continuous tense to talk about actions that started in the past and are still continuing, or have just finished but are still connected to the present in some way. For example,
I've been waiting for an hour and he still hasn't turned up.
I'm so sorry I'm late. Have you been waiting long?
2. Go over Points 1 and 2 on page 9 to understand this tense better.
3. Go over Point 3 to see how the tense is formed.
4. Fill in the missing words. Pay attention to the verb form in the example given in the first picture (all the verb forms here are the present perfect continuous tense, except for the one in Sentence 5). It is a trap and does not require the present perfect continuous tense.
Answers:
(2) have been talking (3) have been taking (4) have been watching (5) have seen (6) have been writing
5. Do with Part C1 on page 82 in Workbook to become familiar with the present perfect tense and the present perfect continuous tense.

Present perfect or present perfect continuous?
1. Go over Point I on page 10 to identify why the two different tenses are used in the two sentences.
In the first sentence, the present perfect tense is used, which means that the action read isn't continuing, and Li Jia knows what the book is about now. In the second sentence, the present perfect continuous tense is used, which means that the action read is still continuing.
2. Go over Point 2 on page 10. Note that the present perfect continuous tense can't be used with time expressions such as twice or how many times, because in this tense the action is continuous, not stopped and then started again.
3. Go over Point 3 on page 10 to define the meaning of a state verb or an action verb. Note that a state verb doesn't mean an action, so it can't be used in a continuous tense.
4. Note that the present perfect continuous tense can't be used when the words always, never, yet, already or ever are used in a sentence.
5. Finish the two exercises on page 11.
Answers:
A (1) heard (2)been doing (3) been researching (4) been doing (5) started (6) done (7) read (8) found (9) started (10) been doing (11) been making
Sample answers:
B 1. He has been waiting at an underground station.
2. They have been traveling in a UFO. It looks like a saucer. (Answers may be various.)
3. They probably have talked to animals or plants on the Earth as well as creatures on other planets. (Answers may be various.)
4. They have visited Mars, Venus, Jupiter and some other planets. (Answers may be various.)

6. Do with Part C2 on page 82 in Workbook to have one more chance to practise the usage of the two different tenses.

Resource
The Present Perfect Continuous
-I still haven’t figured out how she does it all.
-I haven’t either, and I’ve been trying now for ten years.

The present perfect tense, like the simple present and the simple past, has a continuous form as well. The effect of the present perfect continuous is to make past happenings continuous throughout a time span extending up to the present:
Simple Past: I learned a new song (three hours ago).
now
Hours
then × then
(past) (future)
(past event accomplished, specific time)
Present Perfect: I’ve learned another now (in the past few hours).
now
Hours
then × then
(past) (future)
(past event accomplished, present relevance)
Present Perfect Continuous: I’ve been learning still another now (for the past hour).
now
Hours
then × then
(past) (future)
(past event not necessarily accomplished, present relevance, possibly still going on at the moment of speaking)
Verbs denoting action that can only be momentary or instantaneous (knock, hit, sneeze, interrupt, introducing, and so on) can also occur in the continuous. The meaning, however, is then one of repetition:
You’ve been interrupting me now ( for the past five minutes).
now

then × then
(past) (future)
Although this class of verbs also includes arrive, leave, come, go, and so on, the “repetition” with the verbs just mentioned cannot be effected by one person alone: The guests haven been arriving now for an hour. But not “The guest has been arriving now for an hour.
Consolidation
I. Relative items in recent years’ college entrance examinations:
1. My friend, who ____ on the International Olympic Committee all his life, is retiring next month. (2006浙江)
A. served B. is serving C. had served D. has served
2. John and I ________friends for eight years. We first got to know each other at a Christmas party. But we ________each other a couple of times before that. (2002北京春季招生)
A. had been; have seen B. have been; have seen
C. had been; had seen D. have been; had seen
3. With the rapid growth of population, the city ________in all directions in the past five years. (2003北京春季招生)
A. spreads B. has spread C. spread D. had spread
4. --How long ________at his job? --Since 1990. (2003北京春季招生)
A. were you employed B. have you been employed
C. had you been employed D. will you be employed
5. How can you possibly miss the news? It ________on TV all day long. (2004 北京春季招生)
A. has been B. had been C. was D. will be
6. Now that she is out of a job, Lucy ________going back to school, but she hasn’t decided yet. (2004 北京高考)
A. had considered B. has been considering C. considered D. is going to consider 7. --How are you today? (2000全国高考)
--Oh, I ________as ill as I do now for a very long time.
A. didn’t feel B. wasn’t feeling C. don’t feel D. haven’t felt
8. I _______ Ping-pong quite well, but I haven’t had time to play since the new year. (2001全国高考)
A. played B. will play C. have played D. play
9. I wonder why Jenny ________us recently. We should have heard from her by now. (2002全国高考)
A. hasn’t written B. doesn’t write C. won’t write D. hadn’t written
10. Although he has lived with us for years, he ________us much impression. (2004上海春季招生)
A. hadn’t left B. didn’t leave C. doesn’t leave D. hasn’t left
11. The first use of atomic weapons was in 1945, and their power ________increased enormously ever since. (2004上海高考)
A. is B. was C. has been D. had been
12. She has set a new record, that is, the sales of her latest book ________50 million. (2004福建高考)
A. have reached B. has reached C. are reaching D. had reached
13. More patients ________in hospital this year than last year. (2004江苏高考)
A. treated B. have treated C. had been treated D. have been treated
14. --The window is dirty. --I know. It ________ for weeks. (2004广西高考)
A. hasn’t cleaned B. didn’t clean C. wasn’t cleaned D. hasn’t been cleaned
15 Years ago we didn't know this, but recent science ______ that people who don't sleep well soon get ill. 2005广东高考)
A. showed B. has shown C. will show D. is showing
16. The coffee is wonderful ! It doesn’t taste like anything I _____ before. （2005全国卷I）
A．was having B．have C．have ever had D．had ever had
17. My brother is an actor. He _________ in several films so far. （2005浙江卷）
A．appears B．appeared C．has appeared D．is appearing
18. I ____ in London for many years, but I’ve never regretted my final decision to move back to China. (2006重庆)
A. lived B. was living C. have lived D. had lived
19. Although medical science ____ control