英国文学Unit1Chaucer.pptx

SelectedReadingsinBritish LiteratureUnit 1GeoffreyChaucerGeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400)the Canterbury TalesGeoffreyChaucer(1340?-1400)II.GeoffreyChaucerLiterarycareerTheFrenchperiod (The Book of the Duchess)TheItalianperiod (Troilus and Criseyde)Thematureperiod (The Canterbury Tales)diplomat,soldier,scholar,Controller of theCustoms,JusticeofthePeaceandKnightoftheShire(MemberofParliament).thefatherofEnglishpoetryborninamiddleclassfamily,sonofawell-to-dowinemerchant.LifeofChaucerCanterburyTalesArich,tapestryofmedievalsociallifecombiningelementsofallclasses,fromnoblestoworkers,frompriestsandnunstodrunkardsandthieves.WhenThe Canterbury Taleswerewritten:ChristianitywasthedominantsocialforcethroughoutwesternEurope,includingEngland.TheFeudalSystemwasthewayoflifeinMedievaltimesandifyoufailedtofollowityoucouldbekilledfortreason.IfyouworkedhardenoughanddidenoughgooddeedsyoucouldadvanceinthesystembutitwasuncommontoadvancepastaknightornobleMiddleAges:GeneralTimeline476C.E.FallofRome1066C.E.NormaninvasionofBritain1095-1291C.E.Crusades1306-1321DantesDivineComedy1386C.E.ChaucerbeginswritingCanterburyTales1455C.E.PrintingPressBeowulfComposedsometimebetween850C.E.900C.E.1453FallofByzantineEmpirewithinvasionofOttomanTurks306C.E.ConstantinecomestopowerinEasternRomanEmpire;beginningofByzantineEmpire1347BubonicPlague450C.E.Anglo-SaxonsinvadeEngland1375-1400SirGawain&GreenKnightGeoffreyChaucersThe Canterbury TalesHistoryoftheTalesGeoffreyChaucerbeganwritingthetalesaround1387ADUncompletedmanuscriptpublished1400AD,theyearhediedFirstbookofpoetrypurposelywrittenintheEnglishlanguageSetaprecedentandpoetsfromShakespearetoDrydenandKeatstoEliotowehimadebtofgratitudeBegun:1386Planned:120talesCompleted:22and2fragmentsRemaining:80manuscriptsMosthighlydecorated:EllesmereManuscriptVarietyofgenres:generalprologueisestatessatirePilgrimageasaframingdevicefortalesConventionalspringtimeopeningErnestandgame instructionandentertainmentPilgrimageVerypopulartogoonpilgrimagePilgrimsoftenwanttoRomeorJerusalemCanterburyCathedral:shrinetoThomasaBecketReasonsHopeofheavenlyrewardPenance苦修；忏悔苦修；忏悔PubsPeoplewentingroupsforsafetyCanterburyCathedral:pilgrimagedestinationintheMedievalTimesA pilgrimage is a religious journey undertaken for penance and grace.As pilgrimages went,Canterbury was not a very difficult destination for an English person to reach.It was,therefore,very popular in fourteenth-century England,as the narrator mentions.Pilgrims traveled to visit the remains of Saint Thomas Becket,archbishop of Canterbury,who was murdered in 1170 by knights of King Henry II.PilgrimsUpperclass(Knight,Squire,churchpeople)Learnedprofessions(Physician,ManofLaw)Landedgentry(Franklin)Medievalmanorpeople(Miller,Reeve城镇（或地区）城镇（或地区）长官长官)Mercantileclass(Shipman,Merchant)Guildsmen(Haberdasher男子服饰经销商；杂货商，男子服饰经销商；杂货商，Dyer,etc.)Laborer(Plowman)EgyptAswanMosque埃及阿斯旺清真寺Synagogue:aJewishcongregationorthehouseofworshipforthatpurpose,aJewishinstitutionforprayer,study,andsocializing犹太会堂;犹太教堂Chaucer is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language.His production of so much excellent poetry is an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country.And he made the dialect of London the foundation for Modern English speech.Thats why John Drydon called him“the Father of English Poetry.”GeoffreyChaucer(1343-1400)Originally,Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.In The Canterbury Tales,he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.AheroiccoupletisatraditionalformforEnglishpoetry,particularlyforepicandnarrativepoetry.Itcorrespondstoatwolinestanzainiambicpentameter.(押韵抑扬五音步押韵抑扬五音步)Theheroiccoupletbecametheprincipalmetreusedindramaaboutthemid-17thcentury,andtheformwasperfectedbyJohnDrydenandAlexanderPopein18thcentury.HeroicCouplet(英雄双韵体英雄双韵体)Iambic pentameter consists of lines with five feet(hence pentameter)in which the iamb is the dominant foot(hence Iambic).da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM da-DUM Shall I com-PARE thee TO a SUM mers DAYThe Canterbury TalesArtistryofLanguageChaucerwroteinEnglishItwasbecomingmoresolidandwidespreadHeusedverse,whichwasthenorm,butvarieditaccordingtohispurposeDespiteborrowingmuchofhismaterial,hisuseoflanguageinjectsthesetaleswithnewlifeTheprioressTheWifeofBathTheKnightTheOxfordClerkChaucerChaucer:Heisacharacterinhisownnovel,andhewritesinthefirstpersonasanoutsideobservertravelingwiththepilgrimsontheirwaytoCanterbury.PrologueRepresentawiderangeof14thcenturyEnglishsociety3GroupsRepresent:AgriculturalfeudalismLandownershipandserviceKnightsyeomanFranklinUrbanizationChangeinfeudalstructureDoctorGuildsmenTheChurchOneofthemostpowerfulelementsinmedievalsociety9ofpilgrimsbelongtoclergyTheGeneralPrologue-Occasion-Time-Sketchesofthepilgrims-Purpose-Motivation-SatireTheCanterburyTales(MiddleEnglish12C.C.E-16C.C.E.)1WhanthatAprillwithhisshouressooteWhen April with its sweet-smelling showers2ThedroghteofMarchhathpercedtotheroote,Has pierced the drought of March to the root,3.Andbathedeveryveyneinswichlicou4.And bathed every vein(of the plants)in such liquid5.Ofwhichvertuengendredistheflour;By the power of which the flower is created;6.WhanZephiruseekwithhissweetebreethWhen the West Wind also with its sweet breath,7.InspiredhathineveryholtandheethIn every holt and heath,has breathed life into8.Thetendrecroppes,andtheyongesonneThe tender crops,and the young sun9.HathintheRamhishalfcoursyronne,Has run its half course in Aries,10.Andsmalefowelesmakenmelodye,And small fowls make melody,10ThatslepenalthenyghtwithopenyeThose that sleep all the night with open eyes11(SoprikethhemNatureinhircorages),(So Nature incites them in their hearts),12Thannelongenfolktogoononpilgrimages,Then folk long to go on pilgrimages,13Andpalmeresfortosekenstraungestrondes,And professional pilgrims(long)to seek foreign shores,14Tofernehalwes,kowtheinsondrylondes;To(go to)distant shrines,known in various lands;15AndspeciallyfromeveryshiresendeAnd specially from every shires end16OfEngelondtoCaunterburytheywende,Of England to Canterbury they travel,17Thehoolyblisfulmartirfortoseke,To seek the holy blessed martyr,18Thathemhathholpenwhanthattheywereseeke.Who helped them when they were sick.ThePrologue:C-E当四月带来它那甘美的骤雨，当四月带来它那甘美的骤雨，让三月里的干旱湿到根子里，让三月里的干旱湿到根子里，让浆汁滋润每棵草木的茎脉，让浆汁滋润每棵草木的茎脉，凭其催生的力量使花开出来；凭其催生的力量使花开出来；当和风甜美的气息挟着生机，当和风甜美的气息挟着生机，吹进树林和原野上的嫩芽里，吹进树林和原野上的嫩芽里，年轻的太阳也已进入白羊座，年轻的太阳也已进入白羊座，已把白羊座一半的路程走过，已把白羊座一半的路程走过，而小鸟小雀唱着各自的曲调而小鸟小雀唱着各自的曲调整夜里它们都睁着眼睛睡觉整夜里它们都睁着眼睛睡觉这是大自然拨弄出它们心声）；（这是大自然拨弄出它们心声）；这时候人们也就渴望去朝圣，这时候人们也就渴望去朝圣，游方僧也就渴望去异地他乡，游方僧也就渴望去异地他乡，去各地知名于世的神龛圣堂。去各地知名于世的神龛圣堂。无论英格兰各郡的东西南北，无论英格兰各郡的东西南北，人们尤其要去的是坎特伯雷，人们尤其要去的是坎特伯雷，去拜谢恩泽万民的殉难圣徒，去拜谢恩泽万民的殉难圣徒，因为人们有病时他给予救助。因为人们有病时他给予救助。ThenpeoplelongtogoonpilgrimagesAndpalmerslongtoseekthestrangerstrandsOffar-offsaints,hallowedinsundrylands,Andspecially,fromeveryshiresendOfEngland,downtoCanterburytheywendToseektheholyblissfulmartyr,quickTogivehishelptothemwhentheyweresick,就在这时节，就在其中的一天，就在这时节，就在其中的一天，我正住在萨瑟克的泰巴旅店，我正住在萨瑟克的泰巴旅店，已经满心虔诚地准备好登程，已经满心虔诚地准备好登程，专诚去坎特伯雷那地方朝圣。专诚去坎特伯雷那地方朝圣。在那天傍晚，有二十九位旅客在那天傍晚，有二十九位旅客来到了这客店，他们形形色色，来到了这客店，他们形形色色，全都是在路上彼此萍水相逢，全都是在路上彼此萍水相逢，全都是跨着坐骑要前去朝圣，全都是跨着坐骑要前去朝圣，而坎特伯雷是他们去的地方。而坎特伯雷是他们去的地方。IthappenedinthatseasonthatonedayInSouthwark,atTheTabard,asIlayReadytogoonpilgrimagesandstartForCanterbury,mostdevoutatheart,AtnighttherecameintothathostelrySomenineandtwentyinacompanyOfsundryfolkhappeningthentofallInfellowship,andtheywerepilgrimsallThattowardsCanterburymeanttoride旅店的房间和马厩都很宽敞，旅店的房间和马厩都很宽敞，把我们个个安顿得十分舒适。把我们个个安顿得十分舒适。不久后太阳从地平线上消失，不久后太阳从地平线上消失，我同他们每个人都作了交谈，我同他们每个人都作了交谈，很快就成了他们当中的一员。很快就成了他们当中的一员。大家约定来日上路要起个早，大家约定来日上路要起个早，而路上的情形，下面我会说到而路上的情形，下面我会说到。Theroomsandstablesoftheinnwerewide;Theymadeuseasy,allwasofthebest,And,briefly,whenthesunhadgonetorest,IdspokentothemalluponthetripAndwassoononewiththeminfellowship,PledgedtoriseearlyandtotakethewayToCanterbury,asyouheardmesay.但是既然我有很充裕的时间，但是既然我有很充裕的时间，在我进一步细述这故事之前，在我进一步细述这故事之前，我觉得比较合情合理的做法我觉得比较合情合理的做法是根据我对他们各人的观察，是根据我对他们各人的观察，把我看到的情况全告诉你们：把我看到的情况全告诉你们：他们是什么人，属于哪个阶层，他们是什么人，属于哪个阶层，甚至还要说说他们穿的衣裳甚至还要说说他们穿的衣裳现在我就从一位骑士开始讲现在我就从一位骑士开始讲。Butnonetheless,whileIhavetimeandspace,Beforemystorytakesafurtherpace,ItseemsareasonablethingtosayWhattheirconditionwas,thefullarrayOfeachofthem,asitappearedtome,Accordingtoprofessionanddegree,Andwhatappareltheywereridingin;AndataKnightIthereforewillbegin.这位骑士是个勇敢的男子汉，这位骑士是个勇敢的男子汉，从他一开始骑着马闯荡人间，从他一开始骑着马闯荡人间，就热爱骑士精神和荣誉正义，就热爱骑士精神和荣誉正义，就讲究慷慨豁达与温文有礼。就讲究慷慨豁达与温文有礼。在他君主的战事中表现英勇，在他君主的战事中表现英勇，他南征北战处处都留下行踪，他南征北战处处都留下行踪，在基督徒世界或在异教之邦，在基督徒世界或在异教之邦，他都因为有勇气而备受颂扬他都因为有勇气而备受颂扬TherewasaKnight,amostdistinguishedman,WhofromthedayonwhichhefirstbeganTorideabroadhadfollowedchivalry,Truth,honour,freedomandallcourtesy.Hehaddonenoblyinhissovereignswar,Andriddenintobattle,nonemorefarAswellinChristendomasinheathenplaces,Andeverhonouredforhisnoblegraces.攻下亚历山大城时他就在场；攻下亚历山大城时他就在场；他在普鲁士的多次庆功宴上，他在普鲁士的多次庆功宴上，比各国骑士优先，坐上了首席；比各国骑士优先，坐上了首席；与身份同他一样的基督徒比，与身份同他一样的基督徒比，他在立陶宛、俄罗斯战功最大；他在立陶宛、俄罗斯战功最大；围攻阿尔赫西拉斯他也参加，围攻阿尔赫西拉斯他也参加，并且驰骋在柏尔马利亚作战；并且驰骋在柏尔马利亚作战；他与人一起把阿塔利亚攻占，他与人一起把阿塔利亚攻占，也把阿亚斯攻克；在地中海上也把阿亚斯攻克；在地中海上他率领大批高贵的战士出航。他率领大批高贵的战士出航。WhenwetookAlexandria,hewasthere.HeoftensatattableinthechairOfhonour,aboveallnations,wheninPrussia.OnLithuaniahehadridden,andRussia,NoChristianmansooften,ofhisdegree.InfarGranadaatthesiegewasheOfAlgeciras,andinBenamarin.AtAyasandAttaliawashewhenTheywerewon;andintheMediterraneanSeaHehadbeenwithmanyanoblearmy.他曾十五次投入殊死的战斗，他曾十五次投入殊死的战斗，又为我们的信仰，三次把敌手又为我们的信仰，三次把敌手杀死在特莱姆森的比武场上。杀死在特莱姆森的比武场上。他一度侍奉帕拉希亚的君王，他一度侍奉帕拉希亚的君王，在那段时间里我们这位骑士在那段时间里我们这位骑士征讨土耳其异教徒的另一支：征讨土耳其异教徒的另一支：每次赢得最高荣誉的总是他。每次赢得最高荣誉的总是他。尽管他极其勇敢却世事洞达，尽管他极其勇敢却世事洞达，举止的温和简直就像是姑娘；举止的温和简直就像是姑娘；一生中他不管遇到什么对象，一生中他不管遇到什么对象，也从来都不曾说过一句粗话。也从来都不曾说过一句粗话。这骑士真是忠贞、完美又温雅这骑士真是忠贞、完美又温雅。InfifteenmortalbattleshehadbeenAndfoughtforourfaithatTlemcenThreetimesinthelists,andalwayskilledhisfoe.ThissamedistinguishedknighthadbeenalsoAtonetimewiththelordofPalatiaAgainstanotherheatheninTurkey;Hewasofsovereignvalueinalleyes.Andthoughsodistinguished,hewaswiseAndinhisbearingmodestasamaid.HeneveryetaboorishthinghadsaidInallhislifetoany,comewhatmight;Hewasatrulyperfectgentle-knight.现在我告诉你们他那副装备：现在我告诉你们他那副装备：他的马虽好，衣着却并不华美。他的马虽好，衣着却并不华美。穿的是一袭粗布的无袖长衣，穿的是一袭粗布的无袖长衣，已被他锁子甲弄得满是污迹；已被他锁子甲弄得满是污迹；因为他是远征后刚乘船归来，因为他是远征后刚乘船归来，接着便上路来进行这次朝拜。接着便上路来进行这次朝拜。黄杲炘译选自坎特伯雷故事，译林出版社(1999)Speakingofhisequipment,hepossessedFinehorses,buthewasnotgailydressed.HeworeafustiantunicstainedanddarkWithsmudgeswherehisarmourhadleftmark;Hehadjustcomebackfromhisvoyage,Andnowwasgoingonthispilgrimage.TheKnightWasanhonorablewarriorwhofoughtforChristianityagainsttheheathens.Appropriatethatheisthefirstpilgrimtobeintroducedbecausehestandsatthetopofthesocialhierarchy,thusisthemostsociallyprominentpersononthejourney.Tellsthefirststory;manyofferhimcompliments.Allofthebattlesmentionedthathefoughtinwerereligiouswarsofsomekind.TheKnightProloguesdescription:WorthymanLovedthefollowingChivalryFidelityHonor(goodreputation)GenerositycourtesyHonoredforhisworthinessinwarTheKnightSummonerTheMillerStructureofapoemApoemcanbebrokendownintothreeparts:(1)Stanza(节节):agroupoflinessetofffromtheotherlines in a poem.It is the poetic equivalent of aparagraphinprose.Intraditionalpoems,thestanzausuallycontainsaunitofthought.(2)Theline(行行):asinglelineofpoetry(3)The foot(音音步步):a syllable or a group of 2 or 3syllables.To scan a line of poetry one counts thenumberoffeetinaline.Forabeginner,theeasiestthingtodoistocountthenumber of stresses.Typically a foot will contain astressedandanunstressedsyllable.HomeworkforUnit2ReadingWilliamShakespearesTragedies Hamlet Romeo&Juliet