音标及名词MicrosoftWord文档(3).doc

英语国际音标表（48个）
元音：
单元音（12个） 长元音 /a:/ /i:/ /ɔ:/ /u:/ /ə:/ 
短元音 / ʌ / / i / /ɔ/ /u/ /ə/ /e/ /æ/
双元音（8个） /ei/  /ai/ /ɔi/ /iə/ /uə/  /ɛə/ /əu/ /au/
 元音拼读练习
/i:/   E [i:]    green [ɡri:n]    see [si:]
/ i /   It [it]    big [biɡ]   little  ['litl]
/e/    bed [bed]    head [hed]   letter ['letə]
/æ/   apple ['æpl]   map [mæp]   cat [kæt]
/a:/   park [pɑ:k]   start [stɑ:t]   far [fɑ:]
/ɔ:/   door [dɔ:]   horse  [hɔ:s]   walk [wɔ:k]
/ɔ/    hot [hɔt]   watch [wɔtʃ]    body ['bɔdi]
/u:/   school [sku:l]    blue [blu:]    moon [mu:n]
/u/    book [buk]    good [ɡud]    look [luk]
/ ʌ /   mother ['mʌðə]    up [ʌp]    luck [lʌk]
/ə:/    bird [bə:d]    word [wə:d]    her [hə:]
/ə/    about [ə'baut]    later ['leitə]   mother ['mʌðə]
/ei/   A [ei]   day [dei]    late [leit]
/ai/   hi [hai]    night [nait]    like [laik]
/ɔi/   boy [bɔi]    soil [sɔil]    enjoy [in'dʒɔi]
/əu/   old [əuld]    most [məust]     hope [həup]
/au/   out [aut]    loud [laud]    how [hau]
/iə/   here [hiə]     near [niə]     idea [ai'diə]
/uə/   sure [ʃuə]     poor [puə]     tour [tuə]
/ɛə/   air [ɛə]     hair [hɛə]     wear [wɛə]

练习（填 a/an）
____ “a” ____ “g” ____ “s” ____ “v”
____ “m” ____ “x” ____ “i” ____”j”
____ “c ____ “y” ____ “l” ____ “f”
____ orange ____ tomato ____ apple ____ egg
____ girl ____ hour ____ child _ university
____ opening ceremony ____ useful book ____ old man
____ important meeting

辅音（28个） (1).清辅音/p/ / t/ / k/ /f/  /s/ /θ/ /ʃ/ /tʃ/ /tr/ /ts/
(2).浊辅音/b/ /d/  /ɡ/ /v/ /z/ /ð/ /ʒ/ /dʒ/ /dr/ /dz/
（3）3个鼻音/m/ /n/ /ŋ/ （4）2个半元音/ j/ / w/   
（5）3个似拼音/ h/ / r/ / l/
2. 辅音拼读练习
(1).清辅音
/p/   picture ['piktʃə]    please [pli:z]    people ['pi:pl]
/ t/   take [teik]     today [tə'dei]     to [tu:]
/ k/  cake [keik]    kite [kait]     come [kʌm]
/f/   fine [fain]     fun [fʌn]    from [ frɔm]
/s/   six [siks]    kiss [kis]    say [sei]
/θ/   thank [θæŋk]    thing [θiŋ]    think [θiŋk]
/ʃ/   sure [ʃuə]    shop [ʃɔp]    ship [ʃip]
/tʃ/  chicken ['tʃikən]    child [tʃaild]    chip [tʃip]
/tr/   tree [tri:]    train [trein]    trade [treid]
/ts/   cats [kæts]     gets [ɡets]     lots [lɔts]
(2).浊辅音
/b/   boat [bəut]     big [biɡ]    boy [bɔi]
/d/   dog [dɔɡ]    day [dei]     daddy ['dædi:]
/ɡ/   go [ɡəu]    good [ɡud]    glass [ɡlɑ:s]
/v/   very ['veri]    video ['vidiəu]    vase [ves]
/z/    zoo [zu:]    zero ['ziərəu]    clothes [kləuðz]
/ð/    them [ðem]    they [ðei]    father ['fɑ:ðə]
/ʒ/    television ['teli,viʒən]    pleasure ['pleʒə]    measure ['meʒə]
/dʒ/   job [dʒɔb]     jeep [dʒi:p]     change [tʃeindʒ]
/dr/   dress [dres]     dream [dri:m]    drop [drɔp]
/dz/   reads [ri:dz]     cards [kɑ:dz]     birds [bə:dz]

/m/   my [mai]     many ['meni]     may [mei]
/n/    no [nəu]    not [nɔt]    know [nəu]
/ŋ/    bring [briŋ]    think [θiŋk]    going ['gəʊɪŋ]
/ j/    yes [jes]    yellow ['jeləu]    yesterday ['jestədi]
/ w/   window ['windəu]    what [wɔt]    will [wil]
/ h/   hat [hæt]     have [hæv]     hello [he'ləu]
/ r/    red [red]    read [ri:d]     remember [ri'membə]
/ l/    life [laif]     little ['litl]     leave [li:v]

语法之 —— 名词 （noun）
一． 名词的种类
名词可分为专有名词和普通名词。普通名词可分为个体名词和集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词。在英语中，普通名词还可分为可数名词和不可数名词。个体名词和集体名词属于可数名词，而物质名词和抽象名词属于不可数名词。

名词
专有名词
China, the White House, June
普通名词
可数名词
个体名词
country, book, flower
集体名词
family, class, team
不可数名词
物质名词
meat, water, milk
抽象名词
health, peace, honesty

1. 专有名词
专有名词是指人、地方、团体、机构、报刊、星期、月份、节日等特有的名称。它的第一个字母必须大写。专有名词前一般不加冠词。
重点提示 1）人名的前面若有尊称或头衔，如 President, miss 等时，其第一个字母要大写，如 Miss Wang 等
2）由普通名词构成的专有名词前要加定冠词”the”, 但它的首字母不大写，如the Great Wall.
2. 普通名词
普通名词是指一类人或一个抽象的名称。它可分为个体名词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词四类。
个体名词表示某类人或事物中的个体。
集体名词表示若干个体组成的集合体。
物质名词表示无法分为个体的物质、材料的名词。
抽象名词指人或事物的品质、情感、状态、动作等抽象概念及学科疾病等名称的词。
重点提示 1）物质名词不可数，但表示具体东西时，则变为可数名词，意义也发生改变。如：orange(橘子汁) --- an orange fish（鱼肉）--- a fish office（公职）--- an office
少数物质名词可以借助一些单位，如： a piece of, a cup of, a bottle of…
2）抽象名词不可数，但在一些固定词组中，可用作可数名词。如：
catch a cold 感冒 take a rest休息
抽象名词表示具体事物时，变为可数名词，前面可a/an，也可有复数形式，表示”某种人或事”。如：pity令人遗憾的人或事 beauty美人或美丽的事物 success成功的人或事

练习 选择最佳答案
1. There are two____ and three ____ on the table.
A. apple; milk B. apples; bananas C. milk,; bananas D. meat; milk
2. Twelve ___ were hurt, but no ____ were lost in that accident.
A. person; life B. people; lives C. people; life D. persons; life
3. They want to have some ____ for supper, so they decide to catch many ____>
A. fish; fishes B. fishes; fish C. fish; fish D. fishes; fishes
4. In order to achieve ____, he worked hard all the time, at last, he became ____.
A. a success; success B. success; success C. success; a success D. a success; a success
5. He had something to write down and asked me for _____.
A. a paper B. some papers C. some pieces of papers D. a piece of paper
二． 名词的数
可数名词分为单数可数名词和复数可数名词。单数可数名词前面一般要加不定冠词a/an;复数可数名词是在单数可数名词后面加”-s”或”-es”，且前面不能加不定冠词a/an.
1. 名词复数的规则变化
构词法
例词
一般情况下，直接加-s
chairs
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词加-es
fox--foxes
以”辅音字母+y”结尾的名词要先变y为i 再加-es; 以”元音字母+y”结尾的名词直接加-s
story---stories
有些以f 结尾的名词直接加-s
chief---chiefs roof --- roofs

有些以f或fe结尾的名词要先变f或fe 为v,再加-es
knife---knives
以”元音字母+o”结尾的名词加-s
bamboo---bamboos
以”辅音字母+o”结尾的名词加-es
hero---heroes
以th结尾的词，词尾加-s
mouth---mouths

2. 名词复数的不规则变化
元音字母发生变化
man--- men woman--- women tooth---teeth foot--- feet mouse--- mice
词尾发生变化
child--- children ox--- oxen
单复数形式相同
sheep---sheep deer---deer Japanese--- Japanese
有些名词只有复数形式
glasses trousers scissors
小贴士 有些名词虽然是以s 结尾，但是它们不是名词的复数形式，而是单词本身词尾为s, 如maths, physics, means, works等等
构成复合名词的两个词都要变为复数形式，如：a man doctor---men doctors
重点提示 单复数词义不同的名词
brain --- brains(脑力) sand--- sands（沙滩） good---goods（货物）
work--- works（作品、工厂） paper---papers（论文） wood---woods（森林）

练习
选择最佳答案
1. There are five ____ watching the movie Tangshan Earthquake.
A. Chinese B. Frenchman C. Englishman D. German
2. Mom, I’m hungry. Will you please give me some ____?
A. bread B. books C. water D. boxes
3. I am thirsty. I want to buy____.
A. two bottles of oranges B. two bottles of orange
C. two bottle of oranges D. two bottle of orange
4. There are thirty _____　in our school.
A. women teachers B. women teacher C. woman teachers D. woman teacher
根据句意，用括号中所给名词的适当形式填空。
1. I’d like two cups of _____ (milk) for my twin sisters.
2. There are few ______ (vegetable) in the fridge.
3. The terrible dog has two _____ (mouth) .
4. We’d like to go for a walk in the _____ (wood).
5. The baby has only two _____ (tooth) although he is 2 years old.
6. Look! A lion is running after a group of _____（deer）．
7. How many _____ (knife) does Mary have?

三. 名词的所有格
英语中表示所属关系常用以下两种方式表达：一是在名词后加’s, 另一种是”of+名词”结构。
1.’s 所有格的构成
构成法
例词
单数名词词尾直接加’s
Jack’s watch
复数名词词尾如没有s,也要加’s
women’s club
名词已有复数词尾s,词尾只加’ 即可
the workers’ room
2. ’s 所有格的用法
用法
示例
用在有生命的名词后
Peter’s room. Peter and Tom’s room. Peter’s and Tom’s rooms
用在时间名词后
today’s newspaper
用在距离名词后
twenty minutes’ walk
3. of 所有格用法
the cover of the book the end of the road
the name of the girl the classroom of the first year students

练习
将下列汉语翻译成英语
汤姆的书包_____________ 儿童节__ 一个月假期____________
五天的旅行_____________ 学生们的教室___________________
选择正确答案
1. ______ desk is the cleanest in the classroom.
A. Ann’s and Tom B. Ann and Tom’s C. Ann and Tom D. Ann’s and Tom’s
2. ---- How far is it from Nanjing to Shanghai?
---- it is over ______.
A. three hour’s drive B. three hours’ drive C. three hours’ drives D. three hours drive
3. September 10th is _____ Day. All the teachers enjoy it very much.
A. Teachers’ B. Teachers C. Teacher’s D. Teacher
4. You can go there on foot because it’s only _____.
A. ten minute’s walk B. ten minutes’ walk C. ten minutes walk D. ten minute walk

四. 名词的用法
名词在句中可以作主语、表语、宾语、宾语补足语、定语、状语等
A watermelon is much sweeter than a lemon.
The boy is a student.
I like English .
They named their son Tom.
This is a day dream.
Wait a moment!